Skip Navigation
The Endowment for Human Development
The Endowment for Human Development
Improving lifelong health one pregnancy at a time.
Donate Now Get Free Videos

Multilingual Illustrated DVD [Tutorial]

The Biology of Prenatal Development




rdzGm;óuumv zGH‹®z;pOf ajymif;vJvmyHk ZD0 ta=umif;?

.jrefrmpum; [Burmese]


National Geographic Society This program is distributed in the U.S. and Canada by National Geographic and EHD. [learn more]

Choose Language:
Download English PDF  Download Spanish PDF  Download French PDF  What is PDF?
 

Chapter 1   Introduction

pGrf;tm; jzpfpOf wcka=umifh Zdkif;*kxf ac: vl‹qJvfrsKd; wvHk;onf ukaËaygif; ukaË wpf&maom t¶G,fa&mufqJvf jzpfvmjcif;rSm obm0 avmu wGif txl;jcm;qHk;aom oGifjyif jzpfayrnf?

,ckcg okawoDrsm;odonfrSm rsm;pGm aom wr¶kd;pOf aqmif¶Gufcsufrsm;twGuf t¶G,fa&mufcE<mrS vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf udk,f0efaqmifumv wGif ¶dS+yD;jzpf&m rdrzGm;rD umvrsm;wGif ¶Sd+yD;jzpfonf?

om;rzGm;rDzGH‹®z;pOf umv onf jyifqifcsdefumv [kydkrdkodvm&+yD; TumvwGif zGH‹®z;vm aomvlom;onf rsm;pGmaom zGJ‹pnf;r_rsm; ESifhvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;/ tjcm;aompGrf;¶nfrsm;&vm+yD; om;zGm;+yD;aemuf touf¶Sif aeEldifa¶;twGuf jzpfonf?

Chapter 2   Terminology

omreftm;jzifh vl‹udk,f0ef oufwrf; rSm ( 38 ) ywf cef‹txd =umEdlif+yD; wdkif;wmcsufrSm ,Swfwif csdefrS (0g) oaE<wnfcsdefrS pI uav; zGm;onf txdjzpfonf?

,Swfwif+yD; yxr ( 8 ) ywf twGif; zGH‹®z;vmaom vlom;udk oaE<om;avmif;[kac:+yD; “twGif;ykdkif;zGH‹®z;jcif;” [k t"dy`,f &onf? Ttcgcsdef/ oaE< wnfumv udk zGJ‹pnf;r_ wck jzifh azmfjyxm;+yD; vl‹cE<m . t"du zGJ‹pnf;r_ jzpfonf?

tqdkyg ¶SpfvaphonfrS udk,f0ef tqHk;txd “zGH‹®z;vmaom vlom; udk oaE<om;”[kac:+yD; “rarG;ao;aom uav;” [k t"dy`,f &onf? oaE<wnf umv rnf Tumv wGif vl‹udk,fonf }uD;xGm;vm+yD; pwif tvkyf vkyfvmonf?

TtpDpOfwGif oaE<Oumv ESSifh oE<om; umv oufwrf;rsm;onf ,Swfwifcsdef uwnf; odk‹ ¶nf!¸ef;jy onf?

The Embryonic Period (The First 8 Weeks)

Embryonic Development: The First 4 Weeks

Chapter 3   Fertilization

ZD0aA'usus qdkvsif/ “vlom;.zGH‹®z;r_onf ,Swfwifjcif; wGif pwifonf”/ trsKd;om; ESifh trsdK;orD; wdk‹. *¶kdrdkZrf ADZypPnf;rsm; (23 ) ck pD yl;aygif;=u+yD; ‚wdk‹. rsdK;yGm;qJvfrsm; aygif;pyf=ucsdef wGif jzpfonf?

rsm;aomtm;jzifh trsdK;orD;. rsdK;yGm;qJvfudk “O” [k ac:+yD; toHk;tElef;trSefrSm tl;Zxf [k ac:onf?

enf;wl/ trsdK;om; . rsdK;yGm;qJvf onf “okuf&nf” [k trsm;uodaomfvnf; okufaumif [k toHk;ajyjypfonf?

rrsdK;OtdrfrS r rsdK;om;O xkwfv¸wfonf ESifh om;Oxkwfv¸wfpOfumv r rsdK;om;O ESifh okwfydk; wdk‹ aygif;pyf =uum om;tdrf¹yefwpfck twGif; jzpf+yD; T¹yefudk rrsdK;O¹yef [k t+rJ!¸ef;ajymavh¶Sdonf?

r rsdK;O¹yef rsm;onf r rsdK;Otdrfrsm; ESifh qufpyf onfrSm om;tdrftxd jzpfonf?

rzGH‹®z;ao;aom yk*~vcH &v'f qJvf udk Zdkif;*kwf [k ac:+yD; t"dy`,frSm “twlqufay;xm;onf (0g) aygif;pyfay;xm;onf [lI jzpfonf?”

Chapter 4   DNA, Cell Division, and Early Pregnancy Factor (EPF)

Zdkif;*kwf . *¶kdrdkZrf ADZ ypPnf; 46 ckonff twkrhJ udk,fpm;ðycH yxrykHpH jzpfonfh tjcm; wckjcif;pD . t+yD;owf ADZykHpH jzpfonf? Tt"dutpDpOf wnf¶Sd&m 'Dtifat armfvD*sL;rsm; onf usyfwnf;pGmacG&pfvsuf ¶Sdonf? zGH‹®z;vmr_ twGuf !¸ef=um;csufrsm;yg¶Sd+yD; wudk,fvkH;zGH‹®z;r_twGufjzpfonf?

'Dtifat armfvD*sL;rsm;onf wGef‹vdrfaomavSum; o¾ef¶Sd+yD; ESpfxyfuGif;0wftl&pf [kvJac:onf? avSum;.tqHacsmif;av;rsm;udk pkHwGJarmfvD*sL;rsm; ESifhzGJ‹pnf;xm;+yD;/ odk‹wnf;r[kwf AhJpfj'yf aygif;rsm;jzpfaom *GeffeJef;/ qdkifwdkqJef;/ at'iffeJef; ESifh xdkifrJef; rsm;jzpfzGJ‹pnf;xm;onf?

*GefeJefonfqdkifwdkqJef ESifhomwGJavh ¶Sd+yD;/ at'ifeJef;onf xdkifrJef; ESifhom wGJavh¶Sdonf? vl‹qJvf wckpD wGifoef;aygif; oHk;axmifce‹faom AJhpfj'yfaygif; pkHwGJ rsm; yg0ifonf?

qJvf wvHk;. 'Dtifat wGif odzG,ftcsuf ajrmufjrm;pGmyg0if+yD; ‚udk yHkESdyfpmvHk;rsm;ESifh udk,fpm;ðy azmfjyjcif;jzifh AJpfwpfckpD. yxrpmvHk; udk pm&if; ðy¶kH ¶Sdygu pmrsufemaygif; ( 1³5 ) oef; ausmf vdktyfvdrfhrnf?

tqkH;rS tjcm;tqkH;wbuftaexm;Y vl‹qJvf wvHk;xJ¶Sd 'Dtifat onf 3½ ay (0g) wpf rDwm twdkkif;wm ¶Sdonf?

tu,fI 'Dtifat tm;vHk; ukd racGbJ ajzxm;ygu t¶G,fa&mufol twGif; ¶dS ukaw aygif; ukaw wpf&m qJvfrsm;onf rdkifaygif; 63 oef; ausmf ¶SnfxGuf oGm;rnf jzpfonf? Tr# tuGmta0; onf urBmajrrS ae odk‹ acgufjyef t}udrfaygif; 340 tuGma0;r# ¶Sdonf?

,Swfwif jyD;24 em&D rS 30 em&Dcef‹ +yD;aemuf Zdkif;*kxfonf4if;. yxrt}udrf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif; +yD;qHk;onf? rdwdkqpf . vkyfief;pOf tm;jzifh qJvfwpfckrS ESpfckodk‹ESpfckrS av;ckodk‹ ponfjzifhcGJxGufoGm;=uonf?

,Swfwijcif;p+yD;onfrS aemufydkif; yxr 24 em&D rS 48 em&D yifvsif [dkrkef;"mwfudk ¶SmawG‹jcif;jzifh udk,f0ef ¶Sda=umif; twnfðyEldif+yD; 4if;udk rdcif. aoG;xJ ¶Sd a¶S;OD; udk,f0ef tajctae [kac:onf?

Chapter 5   Early Stages (Morula and Blastocyst) and Stem Cells

,Swfwifjcif;t+yD; 3 &uf rS 4 &uf twGif; oaE<om;avmif;. qJvfcGJ rsm; onf puf0ef; ykHo¾mef ¶Sdvm+yD; xdkoaE<om;avmif;udk rdk¶kdvm [kac:onf?

4 &uf rS 5 &uf twGif; qJvfvHk;av; rsm;xJwGif zGJ‹pnf;aom tacgif; ESifh oaE<om;avmif; udk bvwfpwdkqdkwf(pf) [kac:onf?

bvwfpwdkqdkwf(pf) twGif;¶Sd qJvfrsm;ukd twGif;ydkif; qJvf pkrsm; [kac:+yD; OD;acgif;/udk,fxnf ESifh tjcm;zGJ‹ pnf;r_rsm;tjzpfodk‹ykHazmfvmum cE<mzGH‹®z;r_twGuf t"du t&mjzpfonf?

twGif;ydkif;qJvfpk xJ¶Sd qJvfrsm;udk oaE< OD;ydkif; yifrqJvfrsm; [kac: onfESifhtnDpGrf;aqmifEldifr_rSm qJvf trsKd;tpm; 200 ausmf eD;yg; udkzefwD; EldifpGrf; ¶Sd+yD; cE<mudk,f twGif;¶dS qJvfrsm;yifjzpfonf?

Chapter 6   1 to 1½ Weeks: Implantation and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

om;tdrf¹yefatmuf odk‹qif;csdefrsm;wGif oaE<OD;om;avmif; rdrdudk,fudk,fpl;0ifonfrSm rdcifom;tdrf. twGif; ydkif;eH&H wGifjzpfonf? Tpl;0ifpGJ+rJjcif; [laomjzpfpOfonf ,Swfwif+yD; 6 &ufwGifpwif+yD; ,Swfwifjcif; ðyonfESifh 10 &uf rS 12 &uf twGif; +yD;qHk;onf?

oaE<O rS qJvfrsm; t¶G,f&ifhonfESifh [dkrkef;"gwfrsm;udk xkwfvìwfay;+yD; ‚udk vl‹ cdk&D,dked *dkemwdkx¶kdyif (odk‹)tdcsfpD*Dds [kac: +yD;/ udk,f0efprf;oyf&mwGif tawG‹ rsm;aom j'yfypPnf;jzpfonf?

tdcsfpD*Ds onf r [dkrkef; "gwfrsm; xdef;ay; jcif;jzifh yHkrSef&moDaoG;tvm oHo&m udk jywfawmif; apEdlif+yD; udk,f0ef qufvufaqmifapEldifonf?

Chapter 7   The Placenta and Umbilical Cord

Tpl;0if pGJ+rJr_jzpfonfESifh bvwfpwdkqdkufpf . tay:,HrsufESm qJvfrsm;onf zGJ‹pnf;r_. tpdwftydkif;jzpfaom yvmqifwm udkyHkazmfay;+yD; ‚onf ESpfbuf=um; bHkrsufESm tjzpf rdcif ESifh oaE<OD;ydkif; aoG;vnfywfr_ pepfrsm;t=um; tvkyf vkyfay;onf?

xdkoaE<om; tcsif;onf rdcifbufqdkif atmufqD*sif/ t[m&"gwfrsm; [dkrkef;"gwfrsm; ESifh vlom;zGH‹®z;r_twGuf aq;ukojcif;rsm; udk xkwfv¸wfay;+yD; tnpfta=u;rsm;pGe‹f ay;um rdcifaoG;udkumuG,fay;&mY tjcm;aoG;rsm;ESifhra&mrdatmif oaE<om; ESifh oaE<om;avmif; wdk‹.aoG;udk umuG,fay;xm;onf?

oaE<tcsif;onf [dkrkef; "gwfrsm; udk xkwfay;+yD; oaE<om;.udk,ftylcsdefESifh oaE<O umv udk xdef;ay;&mwGif rdcif. Tylcsdef xuf tenf;i,f jrifhatmifxdef;nd‡ay;onf?

zGH‹®z;vmaom vlom;udk oaE<tcsif;rS wkH‹jyefr_ðy&mwGif csufóu;. aoG;a=umrsm; rS wqifhðyonf?

oaE<tcsif;. tvm;wljy\emrsm;twGuf toufu,f pGrf;aqmifr_rsm;udk acwfrSD aq;¶kH}uD;rsm;¶Sd oD;oef‹ vlemaq;¶kHcGJrsm; wGifawG‹&onf?

Chapter 8   Nutrition and Protection

(1) ywf twGif; twGif;ydkif;qJvfpkxJ¶Sd qJvfrsm; zGJ‹pnf;aom tv¸m ESpfrsKd;rSm [dydkbvwfpf ESifh tdydbvwfpf wdk‹jzpfonf?

[dydkbvwfpf arG;xkwfaom tajr‡;yg;tdwfi,f onf zGJ‹pnf;r_rsm;txJ wck tygt0if jzpf+yD; xdk zGJ@pnf;r_ rSwqifh rdcifonf t[m&"gwfrsm;udk oaE<om;avmif; odk‹ ydk‹ay;onf?

tdydbvwfpf qJvfrsm;zGJ‹pnf;aom trfeD,rf tajr;yg;onf ‚twGif;Y oaE<om;avmif; ESifh oaE<om; tygt0if wdk@udk arG;onfhwdkifatmif zGH‹®z;ay;vsuf¶Sdonf?

Chapter 9   2 to 4 Weeks: Germ Layers and Organ Formation

2 ywfcGJcef@ twGif; / tdydbvufpf zGJ‹pnf;ay;onfh t"du wpf¶SL; oHk;rsdK; tv¸mEkrsm;rSm tufwdk'rf/ tif'dk'rf/ ESifh rqdk'rf wdk‹jzpfonf?

tufwdk'rf arG;xkwf ay;onfh cE<mtzGJ‹pnf;rsm;rSm OD;aESmuftygt0if / ausm¶kd; tm¶kHa=umrsm;/ ta&jym; / vufonf;rsm; / ESifh qHyif ponfwdk‹jzpfonf?

tif'dk'rf onf touf¶_ t*F g tzGJ@tpnf; . vdkifeif ESifh tpmajc t*F gpk wdk‹udk zefwD;ay;+yD; t"du t*F g. tpdwf tydkif;rsm; rSm tonf; ESifhyefu&d, wdk‹jzpfonf?

ESvHk;zGJ‹pnf;ay;aom rqdk'rfonf ausmufuyfrsm;/ t¶kd;rsm;/ uwfwdvwfcsf ac: ¶kd;quft¶Guf/ ºuufom;rsm;/ aoG;OqJvfrsm;/ ESifh tjcm;zGJ‹pnf;r_rsm; udkvJzGJ‹pnf;ay;onf?

( 3 ) ywf twGif;/ OD;aESmufudk tajccH 3 ydkif; jzifh ydkif;jzwf onf?‚ wdk@ rSm a¶S•ydkkif;OD;aESmuf/ tv,f ydkkif;OD;aESmuf ESifh aemufbufOD;aESmuf wdk‹jzpfonf?

tpmacstzGJ‹tpnf; ESifhtouf¶SLt*F g tzGJ‹tpnf; wdk‹. zGH‹®z;r_ onf zGH‹®z;aeqJyifjzpfonf?

yxraoG;OqJvfrsm; tajr;tdwfi,f Y ay:vmonfESifh aoG;a=umrsm; zGJ‹vmonfrSm oaE<avmif; wav#muff jzpfI ¹yefyHkESvHk;onfvJay:xGufvmonf?

¶kwfw&ufeD;eD; jrefqefpGm}uD;xGm;vmaomESvHk;onf rdrday:wGifjyefvnfacgufcsdK;usI oD;oef‹ESvHk;tcef;rsm;tjzpf pwifzGH‹®z;vmonf?

ESvHk;pwifckefvmonfrSm 3 ywf ESifh 1 &uf jzpf+yD; xdk@aemuf ,Swfwifjcif; vdkufvmonf?

aoG;vnfywfr_tzGJ‹tpnf;onf yxrcE<mtzGJ‹tpnf; odk‹r[kwf t*F gpk onf vkyf&nf ¶Sdonftqifhxd pGrf;aqmifoGm;&efjzpfonf?

Chapter 10   3 to 4 Weeks: The Folding of the Embryo

3 ESifh 4 ywf =um;wGif udk,fxnf ay:xGufvmI OD;aESmuftjzpf/ ausm¶kd;/ oaE<avmif;.ESvHk;tjzpf ESifh vG,fvifhwulodEldif+yD; tajr;tdwfi,fESifh,SOfvsuf awG‹&onf?

jrefqefaom}uD;xGm;r_onf jym;csufaom oaE<avmif; udk acgufcsdK; ay;onf? T jzpfpOfrS pkpnf;aygif;pyfay;onfrSm tajr‡;yg; tdwfi,f . tpdwftydkif;udk vdkifeif ac: tpmacs t*FgtzGJ@tpnf;odk@ pkpnf;ay;um &iftkyfydkif;ukd zGJ@pnf; +yD; 0rf;Akdufqkdif&m tacgif;rsm; zGH@®z;aomvlom; wGif zGJ@pnf;xm;onf?

Embryonic Development: 4 to 6 Weeks

Chapter 11   4 Weeks: Amniotic Fluid

=unfvifaom tajr‡;yg; trfeD,rf onf oaE<O udk 0ef;&Hxm; onfrSm t&nfjynfhajr;tdwfxJwGif jzpfonf? tvGefoef@onf@ t&nf T trfeDtdkwdcf ac: t&nf u oaE<O udk rxdcdkufap&ef umuG,fay;xm;onf?

Chapter 12   The Heart in Action

ESvkH;onf obm0tm;jzifh wpfrdepfv#if 113 }udrf ckefonf?

ESvkH;ta&mif ajymif;onfudk owd jyKygav? ESvHk;aoG;cef;rsm;odk@ aoG;txGuft0if ¶SdonfESifh ESvHk;wcsufpDckefonf?

wGufajcjzifh ESvkH;ckef}udrfaygif;onf rzGm;rSD 54 - }udrf/ ESifh ukaÉ}udrfaygif; 3³2 ausmf }udrfonf touf 80 ausmf ¶Sifolrsm; Yjzpfonf?

Chapter 13   Brain Growth

OD;aESmuf vsifjrefpGm }uD;xGm;aejcif;udk ajymif;vJaom toGifjyif (a¶S•OD;aESmuf) a&S@OD;aESmuf tv,fykdif; OD;aESmuf ESifh aemufbufykdif; OD;aESmuf wdk@. toGiftm;jzifhrSwf,lEkdifonf?

Chapter 14   Limb Buds

tv,fykdif;ESifh atmufykdif; ajcvufrsm;. zGH@+zdK;r_ pwif onfrSm ajcvuftzkrsm; pay:vmaom 4 ywf twGif; yifjzpfonf?

TwGif ta&jym;udk xdkxGif;jrif&onf ta=umif;rSm ‚onf qJvf wpfckpmr#omxl jcif;a=umifhjzpf onf?

ta&jym; xlvmonfESifh ‚.f azmufxGif; jrifEkdif r_udkpaw;&awmhrnf? qdkvdkonfrSm tjyifbufeJ@qkdifaom t*Fgrsm;ukd =unfhEkdif&kHr#om jzpfvdrfhrnf? tjcm;aom v=um=umcef@ zGH@+zdK;?


Add a Comment

Your Name: Log In 3rd-party login: Facebook     Google     Yahoo

Comment: