Skip Navigation
The Endowment for Human Development
The Endowment for Human Development
Improving lifelong health one pregnancy at a time.
Donate Now Get Free Videos

Multilingual Illustrated DVD [Tutorial]

The Biology of Prenatal Development




IBINYABUZIMA BIJANA NO GUTWITA

.Kirundi [Kirundi (Rundi)]


National Geographic Society This program is distributed in the U.S. and Canada by National Geographic and EHD. [learn more]

Choose Language:
Download English PDF  Download Spanish PDF  Download French PDF  What is PDF?
 

Chapter 1   Introduction

Uburyo buhamye bw'intangiriro vy'uruyoya rw'umuntu habanza utuburungu tugenda dukura kugeza kuri trillion-100 ni igitangaza kidakuka cy'ibinyabuzima vyose bimera.

Menya ko abashakashatsi bazi uko bigenda mu mubiri w'umuvyeyi uko bihinduka mu gihe co gutwita- akenshi igihe kirekire mbere yo kuvyara.

imyiteguro ibanziriza ivyara birumvikana ntashiti ko ari igihe co kwitegura mugihe umubiri w'umuntu ugerwaho n'imihindagurike myinshi, n'imikorere ikeneye ubuhanga, kubera imibereho nyuma yo kuvyara.

Chapter 2   Terminology

Inda, mu buryo busanzwe iramba hafi amayinga 38 nkuko vyaharuwe kuva igihe co gusama inda cyangwa igihe co gusama, kugeza igihe co kuvyara.

Mugihe c'amayinga 8 ya mbere nyuma yo gusama, imihindagurike y'umubiri nico citwa intangiriro, arivyo bivuga ko"hari ibikura." Iki gihe ciswe igihe kibanza, kikaba kigaragaza ububumbe bw'ibigize ahanini umubiri.

Guhera vyuzura amayinga 8 kugeza igihe inda ari imvutsi, "inzira iganisha kuba umuntu yitwa isoro" arico citwa "umwana utaravuka." Ico gihe,citwa igihe co gusama umubiri urakura rwose n'ingingo zawo zigatangira gukora.

Ibihe vyose vy'intangiro kugeza Kw'igi muri uru rutonde bijana ni igihe co gusama.

The Embryonic Period (The First 8 Weeks)

Embryonic Development: The First 4 Weeks

Chapter 3   Fertilization

Ibinyabuzima biragaragara, "ikiremwa muntu gitangira kubaho igihe co gusama" ni mugihe umugore n'umugabo iyo bahuje intanga 23 za buri wese mugihe co kuryamana igihe cyo gusama.

Intanga zivyara z'umugore muri rusange zitwa "igi" ariko nabwo hakoreshwa ijambo amasohoro.

Nkuko intanga zivyara z'umugabo muri rusange zitwa "amasohoro" ariko ijambo rikoreshwa ni intanga.

Imbuto z'umugore iyo zisohotse nibwo urutonde rwitwa amagi, igi n'amasohoro bihuriye muri umwe mu mukenke wa nyabavyeyi, arivyo akenshi bishira imikenke ishashe.

imikenke ya nyabavyeyi ijana intanga z'umugore mu kiziba c'inda cangwa mu gitereko cayo.

Akaburungu kamwe iyo kagitangura niko kiswe urusoro, arivyo bisobanura "bibiri vyafatanye hamwe."

Chapter 4   DNA, Cell Division, and Early Pregnancy Factor (EPF)

Insoro z'uturondorondo 46 zihwanye ni intera imwe rukumbi ya mbere nshansha yuzuye y'umuntu ku giti ciwe muburyo buziguye. Iryo teganyamigambi riba kandi rigwatiriye kuburyo rizengurutse utubumbe twitwa DNA. Tuba dufite amabwiriza y'imihindagurikire y'umubiri wose.

Utuburungu twa DNA tuba tumeze nk'ingazi ijegajega tugaragara nk'uruboho ruboshe kabiri. Intera z'ingazi ni utuburungu tubiri tubiri, cangwa dushingiye kuco bise ishingiro, ibifite isukari, imboga, n'inyama.

Ibifite isukari bibiri vyonyine biba mu maraso, n'ibikomoka kumboga no ku nyama. Buri mubiri w'umuntu ugizwe n'utuburungu tugera kuri miriyaridi 3 tukagenda ari tubiri tubiri.

Akaburungu kamwe gusa ka DNA kaba gafise inkuru zitabarika kuburyo iyo izo nkuru ziza kwandikwa mu magambo, niho haza gukoreshwa indome imwe gusa ibanza ya buri jambo hakenerwa amapaji miriyoni 1.5 y'ivyanditswe!

Iyo kapimwe uko kangana akaburungu kamwe ka DNA k'umuntu gapima santimetero 100 cangwa metero 1.

Dushoboye gukurako ivyizingiye vyose kuri DNA mu tuburungu trillion 100 tw'umuntu mukuru, twakwira ahantu hangana n'ibirometero miriyaridi 42. Ubwo burebure bungana no kuva kw'isi uja ku zuba no kugaruka inshuro 340.

Ni hafi amasaha 24 kugeza kuri 30 nyuma yo gutera intanga, isoro ryigabanyamo ubwa mbere. Muri urwo rutonde y'uruja n'uruza, akaburungu kamwe kicamo kabiri, tubiri tukichamo 4 nuko…

Nyuma y'amasaha 24 kugeza kuri 48 intanga zitewe, ubuhanga bushobora kwemeza ko umugore atwite ivyo vyitwa "ikimenyestso cyo gutwita" mu maraso y'umuvyeyi.

Chapter 5   Early Stages (Morula and Blastocyst) and Stem Cells

Nyuma y'iminsi 3 kugeza kuri 4 nyuma yo gutera intanga, utubumbe twigabanyijemo hagaragara akabumbe gasa n'uruziga ako kabumbe rero niko kitwa morula.

Hagati y'iminsi 4 n'iminsi 5, haboneka akobo mutubumbe tumeze nk'umupira iyo sura igitangura niyo yitwa isoro.

Utuburungu imbere mu isoro twitwa akabumbe k'imbere kanini niko gatuma umutwe, umubiri, n'izindi ngingo bikura ni ngombwa mu mibereho y'umuntu.

Utuburungu imbere mu kabumbe kanini twitwa utubumbe fatizo kubera ko dushobora kamwe ukwako gashobora kuvamo utubumbe tugeze kuri 200 turimo umubiri w'umuntu.

Chapter 6   1 to 1½ Weeks: Implantation and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Nyuma yo kugenda mu mikenke ya nyabavyeyi akabumbe kishira ubwako mu rukuta rw'imbere rw'ikiziba c'inda y'umuvyeyi. Urwo rutonde, rwitwa gushimangira, rutangura iminsi 6 rukarangira hagati y'iminsi 10 na 12 intanga zatewe.

Bitewe n'imikurire y'utuburungu tw'ibanze hatangura ibimenyetso vyitwa chorionic, gonadotropin, cangwa hCG. Ayo niyo mazina y'ibiboneka iyo basuzumye utwite.

HCG nivyo biranga umuvyeyi kutongera kuja mu mihango isanzwe ya buri kwezi bituma inda ikura.

Chapter 7   The Placenta and Umbilical Cord

Ishimangira ribaye, utubumbe turi iruhande rwa blastocyst duha ingovyi kwaguka, ariyo iba iri hagati y'ibiri munda n'umwana.

Ingovyi iha umwana impempu ahumeka, n'ibimutunga, ivyubaka umubiri, n'imiti kugira ngo umubiri ukure; imukurirako imyanda yose; irinda umwana amaraso ye kutivanga n'amaraso y'insobane n'ay'isoro.

Ingovyi itanga kandi ibimenyetso ikagira kandi ibipimo vy'ubushuhe n'ubukonje burutaho gato uvy'umuvyeyi wiwe.

Ingovyi ikorana n'imikurire y'ikiremwa binyuze mu mitsi y'umukondo.

Ubuzima bw'umuvyeyi nibwo buha imbaraga ingovyi zirwanya inrwara duhura nazo mu bitaro vy'iki gihe.

Chapter 8   Nutrition and Protection

Mugihe c'iyinga 1, utuburungu tw'imbere mu kabumbe kanini dukora kuri tugenzi twatwo tubiri twiswe imirongo y'imbere no hasi n'igaragara hanze.

Hypoblast niyo ituma umuhondo w'igi ukura ariwo ufite uburyo umuvyeyi agaburiramo aho umwana atangurira.

Utuburungu tuva kuri epiblast dukora icitwa amnion (urukoko rukomeye) arimo isoro na kera hazoza igi rizokura kugeza kuvyara.

Chapter 9   2 to 4 Weeks: Germ Layers and Organ Formation

Mugihe hafi c'amayinga 21/2 epiblast iba yarabaye impuzu 3 zidasanzwe, cangwa nk'imbuto ifise uruhumbu, yiswe uruhu rw'inyuma, uruhu rw'imbere, n'uruhu rw'imbere cane.

Uruhu rw'inyuma nirwo rutuma vyose bikura harimo n'ubwonko, urura rw'izinze, ubuzima, uruhu, inzara, n'umushatsi.

Uruhu rw'imbere nirwo rutanga uburyo bwo guhumeka n'uburyo bwo gusya ibiryo, nirwo rutuma ibihimba vyinshi vy'umubiri nk'umwijima ndetse n'urwagasha bikura.

Uruhu rw'imbere cane rugize umutima, imfyiko, amagufwa, ingingo inyama z'umubiri, utuburungu tw'amaraso n'ibindi bihimba by'umubiri.

Mugihe c'amayinga 3 ubwonko buba bugabanyijemo ibice bitatu vy'ibanze vyitwa ubwonko bubanza, ubwonko bwo hagati, n'ubwonko bw'inyuma.

Iterambere ry'uburyo bwo guhumeka no gusya ibiryo riba naryo ryaratanguye.

Nkuko utuburungu twa mbere tw'amaraso tugaragara mu muhondo w'igi, imitsi y'amaraso ikora isoro n'imikenke y'umutima ikagarara.

Ni nkako kanya, umutima ukura vuba wishira mu gitereko wonyine nkaho uri mu vyumba bitandukanye ugatangira gukura.

Umutima utangura gutera hashize amayinga 3 n'umunsi 1 nyuma yo gutera intanga.

Habanza gukora uburyo umubiri ugaburirwa, cangwa uburyo rusange buhuza ibigize umubiri, kugira ngo umubiri ubashe gukora.

Chapter 10   3 to 4 Weeks: The Folding of the Embryo

Hagati y' amayinga 3 na 4, umubiri utanga imigambi yawo nk'ubwenge, urura rw'izinze, n'umutima kimwe n'igi bigaragara kuburyo bworoshe hamwe n'umuhondo w'igi.

Gukura vuba bitera igi kugenda riyoyoka. Urwo rutonde rujana n'umuhondo w'igi mu murongo umwe n'uburyo umubiri usya ibiryo ukanakora igituza n'imyobo y'inda mu rwego rw'imikurire y'umuntu.

Embryonic Development: 4 to 6 Weeks

Chapter 11   4 Weeks: Amniotic Fluid

Mugihe c' amayinga 4 haboneka amavuta asukuye akikije isoro mu mavuta yuzuye igi. Ayo mavuta atagira umwanda, yitwa amavuta y'urukoko, arinda isoro kudakomereka.

Chapter 12   The Heart in Action

Umutima muzima utera inshuro 113 ku munota.

Reba uko umutima uhindura ibara uko umutima winjira usohoka mu vyumba vyawo uko uteye.

Umutima uzotera hafi inshuro miriyoni 54 mbere yo kuvuka n'inshuro zirenze miriyardi 3,2 mugihe kirenze uburambe bw'imyaka 80.

Chapter 13   Brain Growth

Gukura vuba k'ubwonko bigaragazwa n'umuntu uko ahinduka bitewe n'ubwonko bw'imbere, ubwonko bwo hagati, n'ubwonko bw'inyuma.

Chapter 14   Limb Buds

Igihimba co hejuru n'ico hasi bitangura gukura nkuko ivyo bihimba bigaragara mugihe c' amayinga 4.

Muri ico gihe uruhu ruba rubonerana kubera ko akabumbe kamwe kaba kanamve.

Uko uruhu runamba rero, ruzogenda ruta kwa kubonerana, arivyo bisobanura ko dushobora gusa kubona ibihimba vy'imbere uko bigenda bikura mugihe c'ukundi kwezi.


Add a Comment

Your Name: Log In 3rd-party login: Facebook     Google     Yahoo

Comment: