Multilingual Illustrated DVD [Tutorial]
The Biology of Prenatal Development
UKUFUNDA NGOKWENZEKAYO NGAPHAMBI KOKUZALA
isiZulu [Zulu]
Download English PDF Download Spanish PDF Download French PDF What is PDF?
Table of Contents
- THE EMBRYONIC PERIOD (THE FIRST 8 WEEKS)
-
- EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT: THE FIRST 4 WEEKS
-
- Chapter 3 – Fertilization
- Chapter 4 – DNA, Cell Division, and Early Pregnancy Factor (EPF)
- Chapter 5 – Early Stages (Morula and Blastocyst) and Stem Cells
- Chapter 6 – 1 to 1 1/2 Weeks: Implantation and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
- Chapter 7 – The Placenta and Umbilical Cord
- Chapter 8 – Nutrition and Protection
- Chapter 9 – 2 to 4 Weeks: Germ Layers and Organ Formation
- Chapter 10 – 3 to 4 Weeks: The Folding of the Embryo
- EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT: 4 TO 6 WEEKS
-
- Chapter 11 – 4 Weeks: Amniotic Fluid
- Chapter 12 – The Heart in Action
- Chapter 13 – Brain Growth
- Chapter 14 – Limb Buds and Skin
- Chapter 15 – 5 Weeks: Cerebral Hemispheres
- Chapter 16 – Major Airways
- Chapter 17 – Liver and Kidneys
- Chapter 18 – Yolk Sac and Germ Cells
- Chapter 19 – Hand Plates and Cartilage
- EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT: 6 TO 8 WEEKS
-
- Chapter 20 – 6 Weeks: Motion and Sensation
- Chapter 21 – The External Ear and Blood Cell Formation
- Chapter 22 – The Diaphragm and Intestines
- Chapter 23 – Hand Plates and Brainwaves
- Chapter 24 – Nipple Formation
- Chapter 25 – Limb Development
- Chapter 26 – 7 Weeks: Hiccups and Startle Response
- Chapter 27 – The Maturing Heart
- Chapter 28 – Ovaries and Eyes
- Chapter 29 – Fingers and Toes
- THE 8-WEEK EMBRYO
- THE FETAL PERIOD (8 WEEKS THROUGH BIRTH)
-
- Chapter 37 – 9 Weeks: Swallows, Sighs, and Stretches
- Chapter 38 – 10 Weeks: Rolls Eyes and Yawns, Fingernails & Fingerprints
- Chapter 39 – 11 Weeks: Absorbs Glucose and Water
- Chapter 40 – 3 to 4 Months (12 to 16 Weeks): Taste Buds, Jaw Motion, Rooting Reflex, Quickening
- Chapter 41 – 4 to 5 Months (16 to 20 Weeks): Stress Response, Vernix Caseosa, Circadian Rhythms
- Chapter 42 – 5 to 6 Months (20 to 24 Weeks): Responds to Sound; Hair and Skin; Age of Viability
- Chapter 43 – 6 to 7 Months (24 to 28 Weeks): Blink-Startle; Pupils Respond to Light; Smell and Taste
- Chapter 44 – 7 to 8 Months (28 to 32 Weeks): Sound Discrimination, Behavioral States
- Chapter 45 – 8 to 9 Months (32 to 36 Weeks): Alveoli Formation, Firm Grasp, Taste Preferences
- Chapter 46 – 9 Months to Birth (36 Weeks through Birth)
Chapter 1 Introduction
Uhlelo olubabazekayo lwe-zygote
eneseli elilodwa
eba wumuntu onamaseli angu
100-trillion mhlawumbe
yisehlo esigqame kunazo
zonke kwimvelo.
Abaphenyi sebeyazi ukuthi
imisebenzi eminingi evamile
yomzimba womuntu omdala
isunguleka esesesiswini -
kusekude azalwe.
Ukukhula ngaphambi kokuzalwa
sekuthathwa njengesikhathi
sokulungiselela
okuthi ngaso
umuntu okhulayo
athole izakhiwo eziningi,
enze namakhono
amaningi, okudingeka
ekuphileni esezelwe.
Chapter 2 Terminology
Ukukhulelwa kubantu kuba
cishe wu 38 amaviki
kusukela ekuhlanganeni
kwembewu neqanda,
kuye ekuzalweni.
Ngamaviki okuqala awu 8
emva kokukhulelwa,
umuntu okhulayo
kuthiwa wumbungu,
okuwukuthi "kukhula ngaphakathi."
Le sikhathi, okuthiwa
esombungu,
sigqame
ngokwakheka
kweningi lezinhlelo
ezisemqoka zomzimba.
Ukusuka emva kwamaviki awu 8
kuya ekubeletheni,
"umuntu okhulayo
kuthiwa yi-fetus,"
okuwukuthi "okungakazalwa."
Ngale sikhathi,
okuthiwa esokungakazalwa,
umzimba uyakhula nezinhlelo
zawo ziqale ukusebenza.
Bonke ubudala bombungu ne-fetus
kulo luhlelo
kusho isikhathi
kusukela ekukhulelweni.
The Embryonic Period (The First 8 Weeks)
Embryonic Development: The First 4 Weeks
Chapter 3 Fertilization
Ngokwemithetho yempilo,
"ukukhula komuntu
kuqala ekukhulelweni,"
uma owesilisa nowesifazane
emunye efaka 23
wama-chromosomes abo
ngokuhlangana
kwamaseli abo enzalo.
Iseli yenzalo yowesimame kuthiwa yi"qanda" kodwa igama eliyilo yi-oocyte.
Ngokunjalo, iseli yenzalo yowesilisa kuthiwa yi"mbewu" kodwa kungcono uma kuthiwa yi-spermatozoon.
Emva kokukhishwa kweqanda esizalweni sowesimame ngohlelo okuthiwa yi-ovulation, iqanda nembewu kuyahlangana kwelinye lamashubhu esibeletho, avame ukubizwa ngama-Fallopian tubes.
La mashubhu ahlanganisa isizalo sowesimame nesibeletho sakhe.
Umbungu owumphumela kuthiwa yi-zygote, okuwukuthi "kuhlangene."
Iseli yenzalo yowesimame kuthiwa yi"qanda" kodwa igama eliyilo yi-oocyte.
Ngokunjalo, iseli yenzalo yowesilisa kuthiwa yi"mbewu" kodwa kungcono uma kuthiwa yi-spermatozoon.
Emva kokukhishwa kweqanda esizalweni sowesimame ngohlelo okuthiwa yi-ovulation, iqanda nembewu kuyahlangana kwelinye lamashubhu esibeletho, avame ukubizwa ngama-Fallopian tubes.
La mashubhu ahlanganisa isizalo sowesimame nesibeletho sakhe.
Umbungu owumphumela kuthiwa yi-zygote, okuwukuthi "kuhlangene."
Chapter 4 DNA, Cell Division, and Early Pregnancy Factor (EPF)
Ama-chromosomes e-zygote awu 46
amele
ingxenye yokuqala
yesifanekiso sofuzo
somuntu omusha.
Le sakhiwo sihlala
kumamolikuli athothene
okuthiwa yi-DNA.
Inemiyalelo
yokukhula
komzimba wonke.
Amamolikuli e-DNA anjengesikhwelo esisontekile okwaziwa njenge-double helix. Amaqophelo esikhwelo enziwe ngamamolikuli angamabili, okuthiwa yi-guanine, cytosine, adenine, ne-thymine.
Amamolikuli e-DNA anjengesikhwelo esisontekile okwaziwa njenge-double helix. Amaqophelo esikhwelo enziwe ngamamolikuli angamabili, okuthiwa yi-guanine, cytosine, adenine, ne-thymine.
I-guanine ihambisana
kuphela ne-cytosine,
i-adenine ihambisane ne-thymine.
Iseli ngalinye lomuntu
cishe libe no 3 billion
wala mapheya ayiziqu.
I-DNA yeseli elilodwa inolwazi oluningi kangangoba uma lungahle lubhalwe ngamagama, ukuhlela igama lokuqala lesiqu ngasinye kungadinga amakhasi angaphezu kuka 1.5 million!
Uma ilandelaniswa, iDNA kwiseli lomuntu elilodwa ikaleka ibewu 3 1/3 amafidi noma 1 imitha.
I-DNA yeseli elilodwa inolwazi oluningi kangangoba uma lungahle lubhalwe ngamagama, ukuhlela igama lokuqala lesiqu ngasinye kungadinga amakhasi angaphezu kuka 1.5 million!
Uma ilandelaniswa, iDNA kwiseli lomuntu elilodwa ikaleka ibewu 3 1/3 amafidi noma 1 imitha.
Uma singayiqaqa
yonke iDNA
ekumaseli omuntu
angu 100 trillion,
ingaba ngaphezu
kwamamayela angu 63 billion.
Le libanga lifika
elangeni libuye
izikhathi eziwu 340.
Cishe emahoreni awu 24 kuyaku
30 emva kokukhulelwa,
i-zygote iqeda ukuhlukaniseka
kwamaseli kokuqala.
Ngohlelo lwe-mitosis,
iseli lihlukaniseka kabili,
amabili abe mane, njalonjalo.
Emva kuka 24 kuyaku 48 amahora
ukukhulelwa kuqalile,
kungaqinisekiswa
ngokuthola ihomoni
okuthiwa "wuphawu lokuqala "
egazini likamama.
Chapter 5 Early Stages (Morula and Blastocyst) and Stem Cells
Ngosuku luka 3 kuyaku 4
emva kokukhulelwa,
amaseli andayo ombungu
aba sandilinga
bese umbungu
kuthiwa yi-morula.
Ngosuku luka 4 noma 5, kwakheka umgodi kule libhola lamaseli bese umbungu kuthiwa yi-blastocyst.
Amaseli ngaphakathi kwi-blastocyst kuthiwa yinqwaba yamaseli angaphakathi kanti akha ikhanda, umzimba, nezinye izakhiwo ezisemqoka kumuntu okhulayo.
Amaseli angaphakathi kule nqwaba yamaseli kuthiwa ama-embryonic stem cells ngoba akwazi ukwakha inhlobo ngayinye yamaseli kwezingaphezu kuka 200 asemzimbeni womuntu.
Ngosuku luka 4 noma 5, kwakheka umgodi kule libhola lamaseli bese umbungu kuthiwa yi-blastocyst.
Amaseli ngaphakathi kwi-blastocyst kuthiwa yinqwaba yamaseli angaphakathi kanti akha ikhanda, umzimba, nezinye izakhiwo ezisemqoka kumuntu okhulayo.
Amaseli angaphakathi kule nqwaba yamaseli kuthiwa ama-embryonic stem cells ngoba akwazi ukwakha inhlobo ngayinye yamaseli kwezingaphezu kuka 200 asemzimbeni womuntu.
Chapter 6 1 to 1½ Weeks: Implantation and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Emva kokwehla
ngeshubhu lesibeletho,
umbungu wokuqala
uzishutheka
odongeni olungaphakathi
lwesibeletho sikamama.
Lo luhlelo, okuthiwa wukuzihloma,
luqala emva kuka 6 izinsuku
luphele emva kuka 10 kuyaku 12
izinsuku emva kokukhulelwa.
Amaseli ombungu okhulayo aqala ukukhiqiza ihomoni okuthiwa yi-human chorionic gonadotropin, noma hCG, etholwa yiningi lokuhlolela ukukhulelwa.
I-HCG itshela amahomoni owesimame ukuthi akuyekise ukuya esikhathini okuvamile, okuvumela ukukhulelwa kuqhubeke.
Amaseli ombungu okhulayo aqala ukukhiqiza ihomoni okuthiwa yi-human chorionic gonadotropin, noma hCG, etholwa yiningi lokuhlolela ukukhulelwa.
I-HCG itshela amahomoni owesimame ukuthi akuyekise ukuya esikhathini okuvamile, okuvumela ukukhulelwa kuqhubeke.
Chapter 7 The Placenta and Umbilical Cord
Emva kokuzihloma,
amaseli azungeze
i-blastocyst
akha ingxenye yalokho
okuthiwa yi-placenta,
ewukuxhumana phakathi
kohlelo lukamama
nolombungu lokugeleza kwegazi.
I-placenta ihambisa i-oksijini, izakhamzimba, amahomoni, nemithi kukamama embungwini okhulayo; isusa wonke udoti; bese ivimba ukuxubana kwegazi likamama nelombungu nele-fetus.
I-placenta ibuye Ikhiqize amahomoni ibuye igcine izinga lokushisa lomzimba wombungu libe ngaphezudlwana kwelikamama.
I-placenta ixhumana nomuntu okhulayo ngemithambo yenkaba.
Amakhono enkaba okweseka impilo e-placenta alingana nalawo amagumbi abagula kakhulu ezibhedlela zesimanje.
I-placenta ihambisa i-oksijini, izakhamzimba, amahomoni, nemithi kukamama embungwini okhulayo; isusa wonke udoti; bese ivimba ukuxubana kwegazi likamama nelombungu nele-fetus.
I-placenta ibuye Ikhiqize amahomoni ibuye igcine izinga lokushisa lomzimba wombungu libe ngaphezudlwana kwelikamama.
I-placenta ixhumana nomuntu okhulayo ngemithambo yenkaba.
Amakhono enkaba okweseka impilo e-placenta alingana nalawo amagumbi abagula kakhulu ezibhedlela zesimanje.
Chapter 8 Nutrition and Protection
Ngeviki 1,
amaseli enqwaba yamaseli engaphakathi
akha izingqimba ezimbili okuthiwa
yi-hypoblast
ne-epiblast.
I-hypoblast yakha i-yolk sac (isikhupahshi), okungesinye sezakhiwo okuthi ngaso umama aphakele izakhamzimba kumbungu wasekuqaleni.
Amaseli aphuma kwi-epiblast akha ijwabu okuthiwa yi-amnion, ngaphakathi embungwini kamuva kwi-fetus liyakhula kuze kube wukuzalwa.
I-hypoblast yakha i-yolk sac (isikhupahshi), okungesinye sezakhiwo okuthi ngaso umama aphakele izakhamzimba kumbungu wasekuqaleni.
Amaseli aphuma kwi-epiblast akha ijwabu okuthiwa yi-amnion, ngaphakathi embungwini kamuva kwi-fetus liyakhula kuze kube wukuzalwa.
Chapter 9 2 to 4 Weeks: Germ Layers and Organ Formation
Cishe ngo 2 1/2 amaviki,
i-epiblast seyakhe
3 amathishu ayisipesheli,
noma izingqimba zamagciwane,
okuthiwa yi-ectoderm,
endoderm,
ne-mesoderm.
I-ectoderm yakha izakhiwo eziningi kubandakanya ubucopho, umgogodla, imizwa, isikhumba, izinzipho, nezinwele.
I-endoderm ikhiqiza untwentwesi lomgudu wokuphefumula nolomgudu wokugaywa kokudla, bese yenza izingxenye zezitho ezisemqoka njengesibindi namanyikwe.
I-mesoderm yakha inhliziyo, izinso, amathambo, uqwanga, imisipha, amaseli egazi, nezinye izakhiwo.
I-ectoderm yakha izakhiwo eziningi kubandakanya ubucopho, umgogodla, imizwa, isikhumba, izinzipho, nezinwele.
I-endoderm ikhiqiza untwentwesi lomgudu wokuphefumula nolomgudu wokugaywa kokudla, bese yenza izingxenye zezitho ezisemqoka njengesibindi namanyikwe.
I-mesoderm yakha inhliziyo, izinso, amathambo, uqwanga, imisipha, amaseli egazi, nezinye izakhiwo.
Emva kwamaviki awu 3
ubuchopho buhlukaniseka
ezingxenyeni zokuqala eziwu 3
okuthiwa wubuchopho baphambili,
ubuchopho obuphakathi,
nobuchopho obungemuva.
Ukukhula kwemigudu yokuphefumula nowokugaywa kokudla nako kuyaqhubeka.
Ukukhula kwemigudu yokuphefumula nowokugaywa kokudla nako kuyaqhubeka.
Khathi amaseli okuqala egazi
evela kwi-yolk sac,
kwakheka imithambo yegazi
kuwowonke umbungu,
bese kuvela inhliziyo esashubhu.
Cishe ngokuphazima kweso, inhliziyo ekhula ngamandla iyazisonga ngenkathi amakamelo ehlukene eqala ukwakheka.
Inhliziyo iqala ukushaya kumaviki awu 3 nosuku emva kokukhulelwa.
Umgudu wegazi wumgudu womzimba wokuqala, noma iqembu lezitho ezihlobene, oveza isimo sokusebenza.
Cishe ngokuphazima kweso, inhliziyo ekhula ngamandla iyazisonga ngenkathi amakamelo ehlukene eqala ukwakheka.
Inhliziyo iqala ukushaya kumaviki awu 3 nosuku emva kokukhulelwa.
Umgudu wegazi wumgudu womzimba wokuqala, noma iqembu lezitho ezihlobene, oveza isimo sokusebenza.
Chapter 10 3 to 4 Weeks: The Folding of the Embryo
Phakathi kuka 3 no 4 wamaviki,
isakhiwo somzimba siyavela
ngesikhathi ubuchopho,
umgogodla,
nenhliziyo kombungu
sekubonakala kalula
eceleni kwe-yolk sac.
Ukukhula ngamandla kudala ukusongeka kombungu owendlalekile. Lo luhlelo luhlanganisa ingxenye ye-yolk sac ontwentwesini lomgudu wokugaya ukudla bese lwakha imigodi yesifuba nowesisu yomuntu okhulayo.
Ukukhula ngamandla kudala ukusongeka kombungu owendlalekile. Lo luhlelo luhlanganisa ingxenye ye-yolk sac ontwentwesini lomgudu wokugaya ukudla bese lwakha imigodi yesifuba nowesisu yomuntu okhulayo.
Embryonic Development: 4 to 6 Weeks
Chapter 11 4 Weeks: Amniotic Fluid
Kumaviki awu 4
i-amnion ecacile
izungeza umbungu
esakeni eligcwele uketshezi.
Lo luketshezi olungenamagciwane,
okuthiwa yi-amniotic fluid,
luvikela umbungu
ekulimaleni.
Chapter 12 The Heart in Action
Inhliziyo ishaya izikhathi
eziwu 113 ngomzuzu.
Qaphela indlela inhliziyo eguqula ngayo umbala uma igazi lingena noma liphuma emagumbini ayo uma ishaya.
Inhliziyo izoshaya cishe izikhathi eziwu 54 million ngaphambi kokuzalwa nangaphezu kuka 3.2 billion esikhathini esiyiminyaka yempilo engu 80.
Qaphela indlela inhliziyo eguqula ngayo umbala uma igazi lingena noma liphuma emagumbini ayo uma ishaya.
Inhliziyo izoshaya cishe izikhathi eziwu 54 million ngaphambi kokuzalwa nangaphezu kuka 3.2 billion esikhathini esiyiminyaka yempilo engu 80.
Chapter 13 Brain Growth
Ukukhula ngamandla kobuchopho kuvezwa
wukushintsha kokubukeka
kobuchopho obuphambili,
ubuchopho obuphakathi,
nobuchopho obungemuva.
Chapter 14 Limb Buds
Kuqala ukukhula
kwezingalo nemilenze
ngokuvela kwamahlumela
emavikini awu 4.
Kule nkathi isikhumba
sikhanya ngale
ngoba siwugqinsi
ngeseli kuphela.
Uma lwanda ugqinsi lwesikhumba, ngeke sisabonakala ngale, okushukuthi sizokwazi ukubona izitho zangaphakathi zikhula cishe enye inyanga.
Uma lwanda ugqinsi lwesikhumba, ngeke sisabonakala ngale, okushukuthi sizokwazi ukubona izitho zangaphakathi zikhula cishe enye inyanga.