Multilingual Illustrated DVD [Tutorial]
The Biology of Prenatal Development
UKUFUNDA NGOKWENZEKAYO NGAPHAMBI KOKUZALA
isiZulu [Zulu]
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Table of Contents
- THE EMBRYONIC PERIOD (THE FIRST 8 WEEKS)
-
- EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT: THE FIRST 4 WEEKS
-
- Chapter 3 – Fertilization
- Chapter 4 – DNA, Cell Division, and Early Pregnancy Factor (EPF)
- Chapter 5 – Early Stages (Morula and Blastocyst) and Stem Cells
- Chapter 6 – 1 to 1 1/2 Weeks: Implantation and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
- Chapter 7 – The Placenta and Umbilical Cord
- Chapter 8 – Nutrition and Protection
- Chapter 9 – 2 to 4 Weeks: Germ Layers and Organ Formation
- Chapter 10 – 3 to 4 Weeks: The Folding of the Embryo
- EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT: 4 TO 6 WEEKS
-
- Chapter 11 – 4 Weeks: Amniotic Fluid
- Chapter 12 – The Heart in Action
- Chapter 13 – Brain Growth
- Chapter 14 – Limb Buds and Skin
- Chapter 15 – 5 Weeks: Cerebral Hemispheres
- Chapter 16 – Major Airways
- Chapter 17 – Liver and Kidneys
- Chapter 18 – Yolk Sac and Germ Cells
- Chapter 19 – Hand Plates and Cartilage
- EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT: 6 TO 8 WEEKS
-
- Chapter 20 – 6 Weeks: Motion and Sensation
- Chapter 21 – The External Ear and Blood Cell Formation
- Chapter 22 – The Diaphragm and Intestines
- Chapter 23 – Hand Plates and Brainwaves
- Chapter 24 – Nipple Formation
- Chapter 25 – Limb Development
- Chapter 26 – 7 Weeks: Hiccups and Startle Response
- Chapter 27 – The Maturing Heart
- Chapter 28 – Ovaries and Eyes
- Chapter 29 – Fingers and Toes
- THE 8-WEEK EMBRYO
- THE FETAL PERIOD (8 WEEKS THROUGH BIRTH)
-
- Chapter 37 – 9 Weeks: Swallows, Sighs, and Stretches
- Chapter 38 – 10 Weeks: Rolls Eyes and Yawns, Fingernails & Fingerprints
- Chapter 39 – 11 Weeks: Absorbs Glucose and Water
- Chapter 40 – 3 to 4 Months (12 to 16 Weeks): Taste Buds, Jaw Motion, Rooting Reflex, Quickening
- Chapter 41 – 4 to 5 Months (16 to 20 Weeks): Stress Response, Vernix Caseosa, Circadian Rhythms
- Chapter 42 – 5 to 6 Months (20 to 24 Weeks): Responds to Sound; Hair and Skin; Age of Viability
- Chapter 43 – 6 to 7 Months (24 to 28 Weeks): Blink-Startle; Pupils Respond to Light; Smell and Taste
- Chapter 44 – 7 to 8 Months (28 to 32 Weeks): Sound Discrimination, Behavioral States
- Chapter 45 – 8 to 9 Months (32 to 36 Weeks): Alveoli Formation, Firm Grasp, Taste Preferences
- Chapter 46 – 9 Months to Birth (36 Weeks through Birth)
The Fetal Period (8 Weeks through Birth)
Chapter 37 9 Weeks: Swallows, Sighs, and Stretches
Isikhathi somntwana ongakazalwa
siqhubeka aze azalwe.
Kumaviki angu 9,
kuqala ukuncela isithupha
futhi ingane isingayigwinya
i-amniotic fluid.
Ingane futhi
isingayibamba into,
iyise ikhanda
phambili nasemuva,
ivule ivale imihlathi, inyakazise
ulimi, izamule, izelule.
Izamukeli zemizwa ebusweni, ezintendeni zezandla, nasezintendeni zezinyawo ziyezwa ukuthintwa.
"Ukuphendula ukuthintwa kancane entendeni yonyawo," ingane izogobisa inqulu nedolo mhlawumbe nezinzwane.
Izamukeli zemizwa ebusweni, ezintendeni zezandla, nasezintendeni zezinyawo ziyezwa ukuthintwa.
"Ukuphendula ukuthintwa kancane entendeni yonyawo," ingane izogobisa inqulu nedolo mhlawumbe nezinzwane.
Amajwabu amehlo manje
asevaleke ngci.
Emphinjeni, ukuvela
kwemisipha yezwi
kusho ukuqala
kokukhula kwezwi.
Ezinganeni zesifazane,
isibeletho siyabonakala
futhi amaseli enzalo angavuthiwe,
okuthiwa ama-oogonia,
ayaphindaphindeka
endlaleni yamaqanda.
Izitho zobulili zangaphandle ziyacaca ukuthi eyesilisa noma yesimame.
Izitho zobulili zangaphandle ziyacaca ukuthi eyesilisa noma yesimame.
Chapter 38 10 Weeks: Rolls Eyes and Yawns, Fingernails & Fingerprints
Ukukhula ngesivinini
phakathi kwamaviki 9 no 10
kwandisa isisindo
somzimba ngo 75%.
Kumaviki awu 10, ukukhuthazwa
kwejwabu leso elingenhla
kudala ukugingqikela
ezansi kweso.
Ingane iyazamula futhi ivula ivale umlomo kaningi.
Ingane iyazamula futhi ivula ivale umlomo kaningi.
Iningi lezingane zincela
isithupha sesokudla.
Izingxenye zethumbu enkabeni zibuyela esiswini.
Izingxenye zethumbu enkabeni zibuyela esiswini.
Ukuqina sekuyenzeka
emathanjeni amaningi.
Izinzipho zeminwe nezezinzwane
ziqala ukukhula.
Iminyatheliso yeminwe ehlukile
ivela kumaviki awu 10 emva kokukhulelwa.
Lokhu kungasetshenziselwa
ukukhonjwa impilo yonke.
Chapter 39 11 Weeks: Absorbs Glucose and Water
Kumaviki awu 11
ikhala nezindebe
sekuphelele.
Njenganoma iyiphi enye
ingxenye yomzimba,
ukubukeka kwako
kuzoshintsha esigabeni ngasinye
somjikelezo wempilo yomuntu.
Ithumbu liqala ukumunca
iglukhozi namanzi
okugwinywe yingane.
Yize noma ubulili buqokeka
ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa,
izitho zobulili zangaphandle
manje seziyahlukaniseka
njengesilisa noma isimame.
Chapter 40 3 to 4 Months (12 to 16 Weeks): Taste Buds, Jaw Motion, Rooting Reflex, Quickening
Phakathi kuka 11 no 12 amaviki,
isisindo sengane
sanda cishe ngo 60%.
Amaviki awu 12 abalula ukuphela kwe-trimester yokuqala, noma ingxenye yokuthathu, yokukhulelwa.
Amaviki awu 12 abalula ukuphela kwe-trimester yokuqala, noma ingxenye yokuthathu, yokukhulelwa.
Izindlala okuzwa ukudla manje
agcwele emlonyeni.
Ekuzalweni, amahlumela
okudla azosala
kuphela olimini
nasolwangeni.
Ukukaka kuqala
kumaviki awu 12
kuqhubeke cishe amaviki awu 6.
Okokuqala okuphuma ethunjini lengane kuthiwa yi-meconium. Yingxube yama-enzymes okugaya ukudla, amaphrotheni, namaseli afile okukhishwa wumgudu wokugaya ukudla.
Okokuqala okuphuma ethunjini lengane kuthiwa yi-meconium. Yingxube yama-enzymes okugaya ukudla, amaphrotheni, namaseli afile okukhishwa wumgudu wokugaya ukudla.
Kumaviki awu 12, ubude
bezingalo nemilenze kwangenhla
sekufike ekugcineni
kokuqhathaniswa nomzimba.
Izingalo nemilenze
kwangezansi kuyaphuza
ukufika
esilinganisweni sako.
Ngaphandle komhlane
nengaphezulu lekhanda,
umzimba wonke wengane manje
uyakuzwa ukuthintwa kancane.
Ukwehluka kokukhula
okuncike ebulilini
kuvela ngokokuqala.
Isibonelo, izingane zamantombazane
ziveza ukunyakaza kwemihlathi
kaningi ngaphezu kwezabafana.
Ngokwehlukile ekubalekeni
okubonwe ngaphambidlana,
ukuthintwa eduze komlomo
manje sekudala
ukubheka ngasekuthintweni
nokuvula umlomo.
Lezi zenzo kuthiwa
yi "rooting reflex"
futhi siyaqhubeka nangemuva kokuzalwa,
kusize ingane ezelwe
ithole ibele likanina
uma incela.
Ubuso buyaqhubeka nokuvuthwa
uma ukungena kwamafutha
kuqhubeka nokugcwalisa izihlathi
futhi kuqala ukumila kwamazinyo.
Kumaviki awu 15, kufika
ama-stem cells akha igazi
aphindaphindeke emongweni wamathambo.
Iningi lokwakheka kwamaseli
egazi kuzokwenzeka lapha.
Yize noma ukunyakaza kuqala
Kumbungu onamaviki awu 6,
owesimame okhulelwe uqala
ukuzwa ukunyakaza kombungu
phakathi kwamaviki 14 no 18.
Ngokwesiko, le sehlakalo
kuthiwa wukukhahlela.
Chapter 41 4 to 5 Months (16 to 20 Weeks): Stress Response, Vernix Caseosa, Circadian Rhythms
Kumaviki awu 16, izinqubo
ezibandakanya ukushuthekwa
kwenaliti esiswini
sengane
ziletha
ukuxineka kwamahomoni
okudedela i-noradrenaline,
noma i-norepinephrine,
egazini.
Izingane ezizelwe nabadala
bakhombisa isenzo esifanayo
kwizenzo ezisakuhlasela.
Emgudwini wokuphefumula,
imithambo emaphashini
isicishe iphelele.
Into yokuvikela emhlophe,
okuthiwa yi-vernix caseosa,
manje isiyemboze ingane.
I-vernix ivikela isikhumba
kwimiphumela ehluphayo
ye-amniotic fluid.
Kusukela kumaviki awu 19 ukunyakaza
kwengane,ukuphefumula,
nokushaya kwenhliziyo kuqala
ukulandela imijikelezo yosuku
okuthiwa ama-circadian rhythms.
Chapter 42 5 to 6 Months (20 to 24 Weeks): Responds to Sound; Hair and Skin; Age of Viability
Kumaviki awu 20 i-cochlea,
okuyisitho sokulalela,
isikhule ngokugcwele
ngaphakathi kwesikhule ngokwenele
indlebe yangaphakathi.
Kusukela manje,
ingane isizophendula
uhla olukhulayo lwemisindo.
Izinwele ziqala ukumila
esikhunjeni sezinwele.
Zonke izingqimba nezakhiwo kwesikhumba sekukhona, kubandakanya izimbobo zoboya nezindlala.
Zonke izingqimba nezakhiwo kwesikhumba sekukhona, kubandakanya izimbobo zoboya nezindlala.
Kumaviki awu 21 kuyaku 22
emva kokukhulelwa,
amaphaphu athola ikhono
elithile lokuphefumula.
Lokhu kuthathwa
njengokuzimela
ngoba ukuphila
ngaphandle kwesibeletho
sekunokwenzeka
kwezinye izingane.
Uchunge olude
lobuchwepheshe bodokotela
lwenza kukwazeke
ukusimamisa izimpilo
zezingane ezizalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Chapter 43 6 to 7 Months (24 to 28 Weeks): Blink-Startle; Pupils Respond to Light; Smell and Taste
Kumaviki awu 24
amajwabu amehlo ayaphinda avuleke
futhi ingane ikhombisa
ukucwayiza okunokwethuka.
Lokhu kuphendula imisindo,
yokuphazima kweso
kuvame ukufika kuqala
enganeni yesilisa.
Abacwaningi abaningana babika
ukuthi ukuthola umsindo omkhulu
kungayiphatha kabi
impilo yengane.
Imiphumela yokuphazima kweso
ibandakanya ukushaya kwenhliziyo
okusheshayo kwesikhathi eside,
ingane igwinya ngokweqile,
kuvele kushintshe nokuziphatha.
Imiphumela yesikhathi eside
ingabandakanya ubuthulu.
Izinga lokuphefumula lengane
lingakhuphuka lifike
kwimijikelezo yokudonsa nokukhipha
umoya ewu 44 ngomzuzu.
Engxenyeni yokuthathu
yesithathu yokukhulelwa,
ukukhula ngamandla kobuchopho kudla
ngaphezu kuka 50% wamandla
asetshenziswa yingane.
Isisindo sobuchopho sanda
ngo 400 kuyaku 500%.
Kumaviki awu 26
amehlo akhiqiza izinyembezi.
Amehlo aphendula ukukhanya emva kuka 27 amaviki. Lokhu kuphendula kulawula umthamo wokukhanya okufika kwi-retina impilo yonke.
Amehlo aphendula ukukhanya emva kuka 27 amaviki. Lokhu kuphendula kulawula umthamo wokukhanya okufika kwi-retina impilo yonke.
Zonke izingxenye ezidingekayo
zekhono lokunuka elisebenzayo
sezikhona.
Ukucwaningwa kwezingane
zangaphambi kwesikhathi
ziveza ikhono lokuzwa amaphunga
kumaviki awu 26
emva kokukhulelwa.
Ukufaka into ewuswidi kwi-amniotic fluid kwandisa izinga lokugwinya lengane. Ngokwehlukile, ukwehla kokugwinya kwengane kulandela ukufakwa kwento ebabayo. Izimo zobuso eziguqukile zivame ukulandela.
Ukufaka into ewuswidi kwi-amniotic fluid kwandisa izinga lokugwinya lengane. Ngokwehlukile, ukwehla kokugwinya kwengane kulandela ukufakwa kwento ebabayo. Izimo zobuso eziguqukile zivame ukulandela.
Ngochunge change lweminyakazo
yemilenze enjengezinyathelo
efana nokuhamba,
ingane ishaya ungqimphothwe.
Ingane ibukeka
kunciphile ukushwabana
uma amafutha amanye
engezeka ngaphansi kwesikhumba.
Amafutha asemqoka
ekugcineni ukushisa komzimba
nasekugcineni amandla emva kokuzalwa.
Chapter 44 7 to 8 Months (28 to 32 Weeks): Sound Discrimination, Behavioral States
Kumaviki awu 28 ingane
ingahlukanisa
phakathi kwemisindo
ephakeme nephansi.
Kumaviki awu 30, iminyakazo
yokuphefumula iya ngokwanda
futhi yenzeka ku 30 kuyaku 40%
wesikhathi enganeni evamile.
Ngezinyanga ezine
zokugcina zokukhulelwa,
ingane ikhombisa izikhathi
zeminyakazo evumelanayo
ehlukaniswe yizikhathi zokuphumula.
Le zimo zokuziphatha
zikhombisa ubuxhakaxhaka
obuya ngokwanda
bohlelo lwemizwa olusemqoka.
Chapter 45 8 to 9 Months (32 to 36 Weeks): Alveoli Formation, Firm Grasp, Taste Preferences
Kumaviki cishe awu 32,
ama-alveoli eqiniso,
noma amaseli angama"phakethe" omoya,
aqala ukukhula emaphashini.
Azoqhubeka nokwakheka kuze
kube 8 iminyaka ingane yazalwa.
Kumaviki awu 35 ingane
ibamba ngesandla kuqine.
Ukuvezeka kwengane
ezintweni ezahlukene
sengathi kunomthelela ekukhetheni
okudliwayo emva kokuzalwa.
Isibonelo, izingane omama
bazo abebedla i-anise,
into enika i-licorice
ukunambitheka kwayo,
zithanda i-anise
emva kokuzalwa.
Izingane ezingatholananga
ne-anise zazingayithandi.
Chapter 46 9 Months to Birth (36 Weeks through Birth)
Ingane iqalisa ukusikwa
ngokudedela ihomoni eningi
okuthiwa yi-estrogen
bese kuqala ushintsho olusuka
esiswini luya ekuzalweni.
Ukusikwa kuba wukufingqeka okunamandla kwesibeletho, okuholela ekuzalweni kwengane.
Ukusikwa kuba wukufingqeka okunamandla kwesibeletho, okuholela ekuzalweni kwengane.
Kusukela ekukhulelweni
kuye ekuzalweni nangale,
ukukhula komuntu kuyaguquguquka,
kuyaqhubeka, futhi kunzulu.
Okusha okutholwayo
ngalo luhlelo olubabazekayo
kuya ngokuveza umthelela osemqoka
wokukhula kwengane esiswini
empilweni yempilo yonke.
Ngokuqhubeka kokuqonda kwethu ukukhula komuntu kwasekuqaleni, kuyoqhubeka nekhono lethu lokwenza ngcono impilo - ngaphambi nangemuva kokuzalwa.
Ngokuqhubeka kokuqonda kwethu ukukhula komuntu kwasekuqaleni, kuyoqhubeka nekhono lethu lokwenza ngcono impilo - ngaphambi nangemuva kokuzalwa.