Multilingual Illustrated DVD [Tutorial]
The Biology of Prenatal Development
IBHAYOLOJI YANGAPHAMBILI KOKUBELETHWA KOMNTWANA
Ndebele [Sindebele (Ndebele)]
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Table of Contents
- THE EMBRYONIC PERIOD (THE FIRST 8 WEEKS)
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- EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT: THE FIRST 4 WEEKS
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- Chapter 3 – Fertilization
- Chapter 4 – DNA, Cell Division, and Early Pregnancy Factor (EPF)
- Chapter 5 – Early Stages (Morula and Blastocyst) and Stem Cells
- Chapter 6 – 1 to 1 1/2 Weeks: Implantation and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
- Chapter 7 – The Placenta and Umbilical Cord
- Chapter 8 – Nutrition and Protection
- Chapter 9 – 2 to 4 Weeks: Germ Layers and Organ Formation
- Chapter 10 – 3 to 4 Weeks: The Folding of the Embryo
- EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT: 4 TO 6 WEEKS
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- Chapter 11 – 4 Weeks: Amniotic Fluid
- Chapter 12 – The Heart in Action
- Chapter 13 – Brain Growth
- Chapter 14 – Limb Buds and Skin
- Chapter 15 – 5 Weeks: Cerebral Hemispheres
- Chapter 16 – Major Airways
- Chapter 17 – Liver and Kidneys
- Chapter 18 – Yolk Sac and Germ Cells
- Chapter 19 – Hand Plates and Cartilage
- EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT: 6 TO 8 WEEKS
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- Chapter 20 – 6 Weeks: Motion and Sensation
- Chapter 21 – The External Ear and Blood Cell Formation
- Chapter 22 – The Diaphragm and Intestines
- Chapter 23 – Hand Plates and Brainwaves
- Chapter 24 – Nipple Formation
- Chapter 25 – Limb Development
- Chapter 26 – 7 Weeks: Hiccups and Startle Response
- Chapter 27 – The Maturing Heart
- Chapter 28 – Ovaries and Eyes
- Chapter 29 – Fingers and Toes
- THE 8-WEEK EMBRYO
- THE FETAL PERIOD (8 WEEKS THROUGH BIRTH)
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- Chapter 37 – 9 Weeks: Swallows, Sighs, and Stretches
- Chapter 38 – 10 Weeks: Rolls Eyes and Yawns, Fingernails & Fingerprints
- Chapter 39 – 11 Weeks: Absorbs Glucose and Water
- Chapter 40 – 3 to 4 Months (12 to 16 Weeks): Taste Buds, Jaw Motion, Rooting Reflex, Quickening
- Chapter 41 – 4 to 5 Months (16 to 20 Weeks): Stress Response, Vernix Caseosa, Circadian Rhythms
- Chapter 42 – 5 to 6 Months (20 to 24 Weeks): Responds to Sound; Hair and Skin; Age of Viability
- Chapter 43 – 6 to 7 Months (24 to 28 Weeks): Blink-Startle; Pupils Respond to Light; Smell and Taste
- Chapter 44 – 7 to 8 Months (28 to 32 Weeks): Sound Discrimination, Behavioral States
- Chapter 45 – 8 to 9 Months (32 to 36 Weeks): Alveoli Formation, Firm Grasp, Taste Preferences
- Chapter 46 – 9 Months to Birth (36 Weeks through Birth)
The Fetal Period (8 Weeks through Birth)
Chapter 37 9 Weeks: Swallows, Sighs, and Stretches
Isikhathi se-fetus siqhubeka
bekufike isikhathi sokubeletha.
By 9 weeks,ukukhotha
iminwe kuyaqala
begodu i-fetus ingagwinya
i-amniotic fluid.
I-fetus seyiyakwazi nokubamba
into ethile,
ise ihloko phambili
nemuva,
ivule beyivale umhlathi, isikinye
ilimi,ikhokhe umoya, izelule.
Imizwa esebusweni, ezandleni, nasezithendeni zeenyawo ingezwa ukuthintwa okuncani.
"Ekuphenduleni ukuthintwa okuncani esithendeni senyawo," i-fetus izakugoba inyonga nedolo begodu ingasonga izwani.
Imizwa esebusweni, ezandleni, nasezithendeni zeenyawo ingezwa ukuthintwa okuncani.
"Ekuphenduleni ukuthintwa okuncani esithendeni senyawo," i-fetus izakugoba inyonga nedolo begodu ingasonga izwani.
Izivalo zamehlo zivalekile.
Emphinjeni, kuthoma ukuvela
izitho zephimbo
kubonakalisa ukuthoma
kokukhambisana kwephimbo.
Kuma-fetuses wabesifazane,
isizalo siyabonakala
namaseli angakakhulu wokubeletha,
abizwa nge-oogonia,
athoma ukuphindaphindana
ngaphakathi kwesizalo.
Izitho zangasese sithoma ukubonakala njengezowesifazane noma wesilisa.
Izitho zangasese sithoma ukubonakala njengezowesifazane noma wesilisa.
Chapter 38 10 Weeks: Rolls Eyes and Yawns, Fingernails & Fingerprints
Ukukhula phakathi
kweemveke ezi 9 nezi 10
ukukhula komzimba
ngaphezulu kwe-75%.
Eemvekeni ezi 10, ukusebenza
kwelihlo elingaphezulu
libangela ukuphenduka kwamehlo.
I-fetus iyazamula ivamise ukuvula nokuvala umlomo.
I-fetus iyazamula ivamise ukuvula nokuvala umlomo.
Ama-fetuses amanengi amunya umuno.
iincenye zamathumbu amancani ngaphakathi kwekaba abuyela ngaphakathi komgodi ongaphakathi kwamathumbu.
iincenye zamathumbu amancani ngaphakathi kwekaba abuyela ngaphakathi komgodi ongaphakathi kwamathumbu.
Ukuqinina kwamathambo kuyathoma
emathanjeni amanengi.
Amazipho weminwe
namazwani athoma ukukhula.
Imigadangiso yemino ehlukileko iyavela
iimveke ezi-10 emva kokumumatha (fertilization.)
Ikambiso le ingasetshenziswa
Ukuhlukanisa epilweni yoke.
Chapter 39 11 Weeks: Absorbs Glucose and Water
Eemvekeni ezi-11
ipumulo nezindebe zomlomo
ziphelile ukwenzeka.
Njengesinye nesinye isitho somzimba,
isimo sazo
singashintsha kwelinye nelinye izinga
lepilo yokukhula komuntu.
Amathumbu amancani athoma
Ukwamukela amanzi ne-glucose
edliwe yi-fetus.
Nanoma ubulili bakheka
ekumumatheni,
izitho zobulili
ziyabonakala kwanjesi
ngokuthi ngezesilisa noma zesifazane.
Chapter 40 3 to 4 Months (12 to 16 Weeks): Taste Buds, Jaw Motion, Rooting Reflex, Quickening
Phakathi kweemveke ezi-11 nezili-12,
ubudisi be-fetus bayanda cishe nge 60%.
Iimveke eziyi 12 zikhomba ukuphela, Kweenyanga ezintathu zokukhulelwa.
Iimveke eziyi 12 zikhomba ukuphela, Kweenyanga ezintathu zokukhulelwa.
Imizwa yangemlonyeni seyiphelele.
Ngesikhathi sokubelethwa,
Imizwa yangemlonyeni
izakuba selimini kwaphela
naphezulu ngaphakathi emlonyeni.
Ukukhipha okungafuneki emzimbeni
Kuthoma kusese ziimveke ezi 12
kuqhubeke iimveke ezi-6.
Okukhishwa kokucala ku-fetus kubizwa nge-meconium. Kunama enzymes wokugaya (digestive enzymes), amaphrotheni, namaseli afileko akhishwa lihlelo lokugaya.
Okukhishwa kokucala ku-fetus kubizwa nge-meconium. Kunama enzymes wokugaya (digestive enzymes), amaphrotheni, namaseli afileko akhishwa lihlelo lokugaya.
Emva kwemveke ezi-12,
Izitho zangaphezulu
sezifike ebudeni
obungalingana nezomzimba.
Izitho zomzimba zangaphasi
ziyakhula sezizokufikela
ubude bazo.
Ngaphandle komgogodla
Naphezulu kwehloko,
umzimba woke we-fetus
uyaphendula nawuthintwa kancani.
ukuhluka kokukhula okuya ngobulili
kubonakala kokuthoma.
Isibonelo, ama-fetus wesifazane
abonisa ukusikinyeka komhlathi
kanengi ukudlula wesilisa.
Nawufanisa nokubalekisa
umzimba kwangaphambili,
ukujabula komlomo kuyenzeka
ukuphendukela kilokho okujabulisa
umlomo nokuvuleka komlomo.
Ukuphendulokhu kubizwa
nge "rooting reflex"
begodu kuyaqhubeka
ngemva kokubelethwa,
kunceda ingane ifumane
ibele likamama
ngesikhathi sokuncela.
Ubuso buyaqhubeka nokukhula
lokha amafutha athoma
ukugcwala imihlathi
nokukhula kwamazinyo kuthoma.
Eemvekeni ezi-15, amaseli akha
iingazi ayafika(blood-forming stem cells)
aziphindaphinde
ngaphakathi kwethambo.
Amaseli weengazi
amanengi enzakala la.
Nanoma ukukhambakhamba kuthoma
Ku-embryo eneemveke ezi-6,
okhulelweko uthoma ezwe
ukukhambakhamba kwe-fetus
hlangana kweemveke ezi-14 nezi-18.
Ngokwesiko isenzeko lesi
Sibizwa ukwenza msinyana (quickening).
Chapter 41 4 to 5 Months (16 to 20 Weeks): Stress Response, Vernix Caseosa, Circadian Rhythms
Eemvekeni ezi-16, ikambiso yokufakwa
kwenalithi ngemathunjini we-fetus
aletha ukukhathazeka
kwamahomoni
kukhiphe i-noradrenaline,
noma i-norepinephrine,iyithululele
ngaphakathi kweengazi.
Abentwana abancani nabantu abadala
babonisa ipendulo efanako
kukambiso yokungenelelwa.
Kuhlelo lokuphefumula,
isitho esibizwa nge-bronchial tree
sesicishe siphelele.
Into emhlophe evikelako,
ebizwa nge-vernix caseosa,
seyivale i-fetus.
I-Vernix ivikela isikhumba
ukuthi singahlushwa zinkathazo
ze-amniotic fluid.
Ukusukela eemvekeni ezi-19 ukusikinyeka
kwe-fetus,ukuphefumula kwayo,
nokubetha kwehliziyo kuthoma
ukulandela ihlelo elithileko
elibizwa nge-circadian rhythms.
Chapter 42 5 to 6 Months (20 to 24 Weeks): Responds to Sound; Hair and Skin; Age of Viability
EEMVEKENI EZI-20 indlebe
yangaphakathi (cochlea),
okusisitho sokuzwa,
seyikhule njengeyomuntu omdala
ngaphakathi kwendlebe ekhulileko
ngaphakathi.
Kusukela nje ukuya phambalil,
i-fetus izakuphendula
imidumo eminengi ngokuya kwesikhathi.
Izinwele zicala ukukhula ekhanda.
Koke ukwakheka kwesikhumba kukhona, kufake hlangana imbotshana yezinwele,nama-glands.
Koke ukwakheka kwesikhumba kukhona, kufake hlangana imbotshana yezinwele,nama-glands.
Eemvekeni ezi-21 ukuya kwe-22
Ngemva kokumumatha,
amaphaphu athola ithuba
lokuphefumula umoya.
Lokhu kwaziwa ngokwazi
ukuphila(viability)
ngoba ukuphila
ngaphandle kwesibeletho
kuyazakala
kwamanye ama-fetuses.
Ukuphumelela okunengi
Kwemithi elaphako
kwenza kwenzakale ukuqhubela
phambili impilo
kulabo abazalwe
ngaphambili kwesikhathi.
Chapter 43 6 to 7 Months (24 to 28 Weeks): Blink-Startle; Pupils Respond to Light; Smell and Taste
EEMVEKENI EZI-24
Isivalo selihlo siyavuleka futhi
begodu i-fetus ibonisa ukuphendula
ngokuphazamisa ilihlo.
Lokhu kuphendula kumidumo
yamsinyana,ephezulu
kwenzakala msinyana
ku-fetus yesifazane.
Imibiko embalwa ibonisa ukuthi
ukuvezwa kumdumo ophezulu
kungathikameza kabi ipilo ye-fetus.
Imiphumela yamsinyana
ukubetha kwehliziyo msinyana
okuqhubekela phambili,
ukugwinya kwe-fetus okungaphezulu,
nokuziphatha okushintshako.
Okungenzeka esikhathini esizako
kufaka hlangana ukulahlekelwa kukuzwa.
Izinga lokuphefumula lingaphakama
libe kufikela ama-44 ukukhipha
nokufaka umoya ngeminithi.
Ngesikhathi senyanga
yesithathu yokukhulelwa,
ukukhula kwengqondo kudla
amandla angaphezulu kwe-50%
asetjenziswa yi-fetus.
Ubudisi bengqondo bukhula phakathi
Kuka 400 no 500%.
Kuveke yama-26 amehlo
athoma ukuveza iinyembezi.
Amehlo athoma ukungafuni ukuthintana Nomkhanyo kusukela kumveke ezi-27. Ukungafuni ukuthintana nelanga Kuthikameza inani lomkhanyo kufikele kundawo yelihlo ethatha umfanekiso ubuphilo boke.
Amehlo athoma ukungafuni ukuthintana Nomkhanyo kusukela kumveke ezi-27. Ukungafuni ukuthintana nelanga Kuthikameza inani lomkhanyo kufikele kundawo yelihlo ethatha umfanekiso ubuphilo boke.
Zoke iindawo ekufunakala
zisebenze ngokufukelela ziyasebenza.
Izifundo ngabentwana ababelethwa
kungakafiki isikhathi
babonisa ikghono lokunukelela
kusese ziimveke ezi-26
ngemva kokumumatha.
Ukufaka into enoshukela ngaphakathi kwe-amniotic fluid kungezelela ukugwinya kwe-fetus. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ukugwinya Kwe-fetus okwehlileko kulandela ukuba khona kwento enganambitheki. Ukushintsha ubuso kuvamisile.
Ukufaka into enoshukela ngaphakathi kwe-amniotic fluid kungezelela ukugwinya kwe-fetus. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ukugwinya Kwe-fetus okwehlileko kulandela ukuba khona kwento enganambitheki. Ukushintsha ubuso kuvamisile.
Ngokwenza okufana nokusikinya imilenze
okufana nokukhamba,
i-fetus iyaphenduphenduka.
I-fetus ibonakala
ingakashwabani kakhulu
njengoba amafutha amanye ayangezelela
abuya ngaphasi kwesikhumba.
Amafutha adlala indima ekulu
ekubambeni umfuthumela womzimba
nokonga amandla emva kokubeletha.
Chapter 44 7 to 8 Months (28 to 32 Weeks): Sound Discrimination, Behavioral States
Emva kweemveke ezi-28 i-fetus
iyakwazi ukuhlukanisa
phakathi kwemidumo ephezulu
nephasi.
Emva kweemveke ezi-30, ukusikinyeka
kokuphefumula kuvamile
begodu kwenzeka kusukela ku-30 ukuya ku-40%
wesikhathi kwenye nenye i-fetus.
Ngesikhathi seenyanga ezi-4
zokugcina kokukhulelwa,
i-fetus ibonisa iinkhathi
zokwenzeka okuhlangeneko
kuhlangene neenkhathi zokuphumula.
Lezi iinkhathi zokuziphatha
zibonisa ukukhula kokuhlangana
kwendawo ephakathi yemizwa.
Chapter 45 8 to 9 Months (32 to 36 Weeks): Alveoli Formation, Firm Grasp, Taste Preferences
Qishe nakuzimveke ezi-32,
i-alveoli yeqiniso,
namkha amaseli wesikhwama
(air "pocket" cells),
athoma ukuvela emaphaphini.
Azokuqhubeka akhule ukufikela
eminyakeni eyi-8 ngemva kokubelethwa.
Eemvekeni ezi-35 i-fetus iyakwazi
ukubamba ngesandla iqinise.
Ukuvezeka kwe-fetus
kuzinto ezihlukile
kubanakala kuthinta ukukhetha
ukunambitha ngemva kokubelethwa.
Isibonelo, ama-fetus abomama bawo
abadla i-anise,
into enambithisa i-licorice,
babonisa ukuthanda i-anise
emva kokubelethwa.
Abasanda kubelethwa abazange
Bavezwa ku-anise abayithandi.
Chapter 46 9 Months to Birth (36 Weeks through Birth)
I-fetus ithoma umsebenzi
ngokukhipha amahomoni amanengi
abizwa nge-estrogen
begodu ithoma ukubeletha ukusuka ku-fetus
ukuya emntwaneni osanda kubelethwa.
Ukubeletha kubonakala ngokuvuleka Kwesizalo, kugcine ngokubelethwa komntwana.
Ukubeletha kubonakala ngokuvuleka Kwesizalo, kugcine ngokubelethwa komntwana.
Ukusuka ekumumatheni ukufikela
ekubelethweni nangaphambili,
ukukhula komuntu kuhlangahlangene,
kuyaqhubeka.
Okusanda kuvela ngalekambiso
ngokuya kubonisa ukuqakatheka
kokukhula kwe-fetus
ipilo yoke.
Njengo ukuzwisisa kwethu ukukhula komuntu kuya phambili, njalo nekghono lethu lokuragela phambili ngezepilo - ngaphambili ngangemva kokubelethwa.
Njengo ukuzwisisa kwethu ukukhula komuntu kuya phambili, njalo nekghono lethu lokuragela phambili ngezepilo - ngaphambili ngangemva kokubelethwa.