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- (2 weeks, 1 day):
3 germ layers
Bilateral symmetry
Cloacal membrane
Prechordal plate
Primitive groove
Rostral-caudal orientation
- (2 weeks, 2 days): Carnegie Stage 7
Allantoic diverticulum
Amnion with two cell layers
Notochordal process
Secondary villi
Allantoic diverticulum
Primordial germ cells
Erythroblasts in umbilical vesicle
Three types of hemopoietic cells in
umbilical vesicle
- (2 weeks, 3 days):
Anlage of the thyroid
- (2 weeks, 4 days): Carnegie Stage 8
Connecting stalk
Primitive pit
Neural ectoderm
Neural groove and folds
Notochordal and neurenteric canals
Notochordal plate
Prechordal plate with 1 retinal field
Uteroplacental circulation well
established
Foregut, midgut, and hindgut
Brain is first organ to appear
- (2 weeks, 5 days):
Prechordal plate with 2 retinal
fields
- (2 weeks, 6 days): Carnegie Stage 9
Somites 1 - 3 pairs of somites
Cephalic and caudal folds
Primitve streak reaches neurenteric
canal
Caudal eminence
Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
Hindbrain with four rhombomeres
Isthmus rhomencephali demarcates
midbrain and hindbrain
Neural crest
Neural groove deepens substantially
Primary neuromeres
Otic disc
First pharyngeal pouch
Stomodeum forming
Blood vessels emerge independently in
umbilical vesicle, embryo proper,
amnion, and connecting stalk
Cardiogenic plate, cardiac jelly,
myocardial mantle, and endocardial
plexus
Dorsal aortae (paired)
First pair of aortic arches
Paired pericardial cavities
Paired tubular heart
Septum transversum
Foregut
First somites
Numerous blood islands in umbilical
vesicle
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- (4 weeks, 4 days): Carnegie Stage 14
Adenohypophysis
All 16 secondary neuromeres
Cerebellum with intermediate layer
Cerebral hemispheres
Di-telencephalic sulcus
Dorsal and ventral thalami
Dorsal funiculus
Mamillary region
Medial and lateral longitudinal
fasciculi
Median ventricular eminence
Pontine flexure
Preoptico-hypothalamo-tegmental tract
Rhombic lip
Sulcus medius
Synencephalon
Tegmentum
Tentorium cerebelli, medial portion
Torus hemisphericus (TH)
Velum transversum
Ventral longitudinal fasciculus
Eyes located on sides of head
Lens pit
Optic cups
Epicardium
Sinu-atrial (SA) node
Right and left main stem bronchi
Ureteric buds
- (4 weeks, 5 days): Carnegie Stage 15
Adult lamina terminalis
Amygdaloid area
Cerebellar plate
First axodendritic synapses in
cervical spinal cord
First nerve fibers
Habenular nucleus
Habenulo-interpeduncular tract
Hypothalamic sulcus
Hypothalamus
Lateral ventricle
Lateral ventricular eminence
Locus caeruleus
Longitudinal zones in diencephalon
Mesencephalic tract of CN 5
Most cranial nerves seen
Postoptic recess
Sclerotomic material around notochord
(rhombomere D level)
Subthalamus
Superior colliculi
Superior medullary velum
Supramamillary commissure
Synapses among motor neurons in
spinal cord
Tectobulbar tract
Tentorium
Third ventricle
Trigemino-cerebellar tract
Lens vesicles beneath surface
Nasal pits
Optic chiasma
Optic stalk
Lateral and medial nasal processes
bilaterally
Blood vessels penetrate diencephalon
Coronary arteries (terminal end)
Posterior communicating arteries
Vertebrae well defined
- (4 weeks, 5 days - 5 weeks, 3 days):
Aortic and pulmonary valves
- (5 weeks):
Pacemaker cells in sinus venosus
Arytenoid and epiglottal swellings
Lobar pattern mimics adult pattern
T-shaped laryngeal inlet
Circular muscles in esophagus
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- (6 weeks, 2 days): Carnegie Stage 18
Embryo with dorsal concavity
Archistriatum
Cerebrospinal fluid production begins
Choroid folds in fourth ventricle
Choroid plexuses in fourth and
lateral ventricles
Dentate nucleus in internal
cerebellar swellings
External cerebellar swellings contain
flocculi
Four amygdaloid nuclei
Hippocampus reaches olfactory region
Nucleus ambiguus of the vagus (CN10)
Prosencephalic septum
Red nucleus
Substantia nigra
Supraoptic commissure
Two or more semicurcular ducts
Vomeronasal organ. nerve, and
ganglion
Nasolacrimal duct
Nerve fibers in retina
Optic fibers
Primordium of stapes surrounds
stapedial artery
Bucconasal membrane
Origin of left coronary artery
Septum secundum and foramen ovale
Submandibular glands
- (6½ weeks):
Ossification in mandible & maxilla
Volar pads on palms
- (6 weeks, 5 days): Carnegie Stage 19
Choana
Ganglion of nervus terminalis
Globus pallidus externus in the
diencephalon
Intermediate layer in dorsal thalamus
Lateral recesses in fourth ventricle
Lemniscal decussation
Medial accessory olivary nucleus
Nuclei of forebrain septum
Nucleus accumbens
Nucleus accumbens
Occipital pole of cerebral
hemispheres
Subcommissural organ
Cartilaginous styloid process
Cochlear nuclei
Optic fibers enter chiasmatic plate
Circulus arteriosus (Circle of
Willis) complete
Origin of right coronary artery
Beginnings of occipital and sphenoid
bones
Three semicircular ducts
- (6 weeks, 6 days):
Membrane blocking rectum ruptures
- (7 weeks):
Head rotates
Heart rate peaks (165 to 170
beats/minute)
Bronchopulmonary segments complete
Ovaries
Crown-heel length 2.2 cm
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- (21 weeks):
Periderm disappears
Sratum corneum
- (22 weeks):
Behavioral states
Cornea structure
- (23 weeks):
Brain weight 100 grams
- (24 weeks):
Crown-heel length 34.5 cm
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- (37 weeks):
Fetus drinks an estimated 15 oz (or
450cc) of amniotic fluid/day
- (38 weeks):
Birth
Spinal cord ends at third lumbar
vertebrae
Brain weight 350 grams
Crown-heel length 50 cm
Head circumference 35 cm
Heart beats 54 million times before
birth
This timeline has more than 3.1
million configurations
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- (1 week, 1 day):
Bilaminar embryonic disc
HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
- (1 week, 2 days): Carnegie Stage 5b
Chorion
Early decidual reaction
Exocoelomic membrane
Isolated trophoblastic lacunae
Primary umbilical vesicle
Embryonic disc 0.1 mm diameter
- (1 week, 2 days - 20 weeks):
Corpus luteum of pregnancy
- (1 week, 4 days): Carnegie Stage 5c
Longitudinal axis
Trophoblastic vascular circle
- (1 week, 5 days):
Implantation complete
Embryonic disc diameter: 0.15 to 0.20
mm
- (1 week, 6 days): Carnegie Stage 6
Amnion with single cell layer
Chorionic villi
Primitive streak and node
Secondary umbilical vesicle
Angiogenesis in chorionic mesoblast
Blood islands in umbilical vesicle
Blood vessels in villi
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- (3 weeks, 1 day): Carnegie Stage 10
4 to 12 pairs of somites
Chiasmatic plate
Forebrain with neuromeres D1 and D2
Mesencephalic flexure
Neural tube
Segment D in rhombencephalon
Some secondary neuromeres
Telencephalon
Optic primordia
Optic primordia fill neuromere D2
Optic sulcus in forebrain
Otic pits
Otic plates
Hyoid arch
Mandibular arch and maxillary process
Oropharyngeal membrane
Pharyngeal arches 1 and 2
Pharyngeal cleft 1
Second pharyngeal cleft and pouch
Atria (right and left) far apart
Endocardial tubes fuse forming
tubular heart
Heart begins beating
Left ventricle, right ventricle,
conotruncus
Pericardium
Sinus venosus
Tubular heart begins folding
Umbilical arteries
Umbilical veins (right and left)
Pharyngeal groove and ridge with
laryngotracheal sulcus
Respiratory primordium
Hepatic plate
Midgut emerging
Thyroid primordium emerges from floor
of pharynx
- (3 weeks, 1 day - 4 weeks):
Body cavities
Folding of the embryo
- (3 weeks, 2 days):
Nephrogenic cord emerges (at 10
somites)
- (3 weeks, 3 days): Carnegie Stage 11
13 to 20 pairs of somites
Segmentation of mesoblast alongside
neural tube bilaterally
Adenohypophysial primordia
Facio-vestibulocochlear ganglia
Glossopharyngeal and vagal ganglia
Lamina terminalis
Mesencephalon contains tectum and
tegmentum
Neural crest production and migration
continue
Neurohypophysial primordia
Notochord
Rostral neuropore closes
Trigeminal ganglia
Nasal plate
Optic evagination (starting at 14
somites)
Optic neural crest
Optic sulcus
Optic vesicle (17 to 19 somites)
Optic vesicles form
Otic vesicle
Maxillary and mandibular processes
(bilaterally)
Membrane between future mouth and
throat may begin to rupture
Angiogenesis along surface of central
nervous system
Aortic sac
Atrioventricular canal
Capillary plexus begins forming
around brain and spinal cord
Conotruncus
Conus cordis emerging from right
ventricle
Endocardium
Heart contractions produce
peristaltic blood flow
Interventricular septum
Primordium of myocardium
Sinus venosus separating from left
atria
Trigeminal and otic arteries
Cystic primordium
Hepatic diverticulum
Liver
Cloacal membrane
Mesonephric duct emerges from
nephrogenic cord
Nephric vesicles
Primordial germ cells begin moving
from umbilical vesicle to hindgut
- (3 weeks, 3 days - 5 weeks, 6 days):
All eight rhombomeres
- (3 weeks, 5 days): Carnegie Stage 12
21 - 29 pairs of somites
Ectodermal ring complete
Progressively C-shaped embryo
Brain involves 40% of neural tube
Caudal neuropore closes
Caudal neuropore closes
Embryonic commissural plate
Hypoglossal cord enters pharyngeal
arch 4
Hypoglossal nucleus
Mamillary recess
Marginal layer in rhombencephalon
Mesencephalic flexure at 90 degrees
Mesencephalon with two neuromeres: M1
and M2
Motor neurons in basal plate of
rhomencephalon
Neural cord within caudal eminence
Neurofibrils form in rhombencephalon
Primordia of ventral thalamus and
subthalamus in diencephalon
Sulcus limitans
Sulcus limitans in midbrain
Telencephalon medium
Nasal discs form part of ectodermal
ring
Optic vesicles covered by sheath
Otocyst nearly closed
Oropharyngeal membrane is ruptured
Pharyngeal arches 1, 2, and 3
Pharyngeal arches with dorsal and
ventral parts
Atrioventricular canal
Common cardinal veins (right and
left)
Heart circulates blood to and from
central nervous system, umbilical
vesicle, and chorion
Hepatic primordium with abundant
vascular plexus
Hepatocardiac channels (right and
left)
Internal carotid arteries
Right and left dorsal aorta fuse
forming descending aorta
Rostral and caudal cardinal veins
along brain and spinal cord feeding
common cardinal veins
Septum primum and foramen primum
sometimes present
Sinu-atrial foramen prevents backflow
into sinus venosus
Sinus venosus collects veinous blood
from entire embryo
Unidirectional circulation
Vitelline arteries and veins
Cervical sinus
Lung bud
Tracheo-esophageal septum
Alimentary epithelium invades stroma
of liver
Alimentary epthelium proliferates in
primordia of stomach, liver, and
dorsal pancreas
First part of pancreas
Gastric portion of foregut elongates
(25 to 28 somites)
Omental bursa
Umbilical vesicle elongates
Upper limb primordium at level of
somites 8 to 10
Telopharyngeal bodies
- (3 weeks, 5 days - 4 weeks):
Laryngotracheal groove
- (3 weeks, 5 days - 7 weeks, 1 day):
Sacrocaudal spinal cord formation
(secondary neurulation)
- (4 weeks): Carnegie Stage 13
Amnion surrounds connecting stalk and
vitelline stalk
Umbilical cord
Adenohypophysial pouch
Cerebellum
Commissural plate
Common afferent tract
Fourth ventricle
Interstitial nucleus (part of medial
longitudinal fasciculus)
Isthmus rhombencephali (a new
neuromere)
Most cranial nerve ganglia
Oculomotor and trochlear nuclei
Terminal-vomeronasal neural crest
Basement membrane of otic disc
surrounds otic vesicle
Endolymphatic appendage
Otic vesicle closed
Retinal and lens discs
Lower lip forms from merging of
mandibular processes
Aortic arches 4 and 6
Atrioventricular bundle
Atrioventricular cushions
(rostroventral and caudodorsal)
Basilar and vertebral arteries
Cardiac contractions still under
myogenic control
Celiac artery, superior and inferior
mesenteric arteries
Circulatory system "well established"
Contractions well coordinated and
sequential from sinus venosus to atria
to ventricles
Ductus venosus
Gas exchange through placenta begins
Gelatinous reticulum (or cardiac
mesenchyme)
Heart chambers bulging with fluid
Heart now functions as two parallel
pumps
Heart with right and left ventricles
Hepatocardiac vein
Myocardium wall 3 to 4 cells thick
Septum primum, foramen primum
Small arteries emerging throughout
mesoderm
Ventricle walls trabeculated
Vitelline veins empty exclusively
into hepatic plexus
Bronchial buds
Embryonic stage begins
Right and left lung buds
Trachea
Diverticulum ilei marks division
between foregut and hindgut
Intestines growing in length
Pleuroperitoneal canals
Stalk of umbilical vesicle lengthens
and narrows
Stomach assumes shape of a spindle
Umbilical vesicle at height of
development
Ventral pancreas
Vitelline duct
Glomeruli emerge in mesonephros
Mesonephric duct attached to cloaca
Nephric tubules now S-shaped
Primordial germ cells migrate to
mesonephric ridges
Primordial germ cells number several
hundred
Urorectal cleavage line
Diaphragm primordia
Upper & lower limb buds
Upper and lower limb buds
Melanoblasts in epidermis
Periderm
Thyroid bilobed and attached to
pharynx by thryoglossal duct
Spleen primordia
Thymic primordia
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- (5 weeks, 2 days): Carnegie Stage 16
All cranial nerves identifiable
Archipallium, paleopallium, and
neopallium
Cochlear nerve present
Commissure of the trochlear nerve
Diencephalic subthalamic nucleus
Epiphysis cerebri
Glial cells identifiable adjacent to
neurons
Hypoglossal nerve reaches tongue
Infundibular recess and infundibulum
Marginal ridge
Neurohypophysial outgrowth
Olfactory tubercle
Pontine flexure deepens
Primordial plexiform layer in area of
future temporal lobe
Retinal fissure closes
Olfactory fibers enter brain
Olfactory tubercle present
Frontonasal prominence
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Circle of Willis almost complete
Epiglottis
Thyroid detaches from pharynx
Thyroid with right and left lobes
connected by an isthmus
- (5½ weeks):
Dental lamina
- (5½ weeks - 6 weeks):
Subtle movement begins
- (5 weeks, 4 days - 6 weeks):
Mitral and tricuspid valves
- (5 weeks, 5 days - 7 weeks, 1 day):
Melanocytes in epidermis
- (5 weeks, 6 days): Carnegie Stage 17
All 39 somite pairs present
All spinal nerves present
Capillaries between adenohypophysis
and hypothalamus
Commissure of the oculomotor nerves
Cortical nucleus in amygdaloid body
Dentate and isthmic nuclei in
cerebellum
Dura begins forming in basal area
First hint of septal nucleus
Frontal and tempororal poles of
cerebral hemispheres
Gustatory fibers separate from common
afferent tract
Hemispheric stalk
Intermediate layer in tectum
mesencephali
Interventricular foramen
Spinal cord reaches caudal tip of
body
Subarachnoid space
Synapses in spinal cord between
interneurons and primary afferent
neurons
Blind nasal sac
Cell islands in olfactory tubercle
Crescentic lens cavity
Nostril becomes continuous with nasal
sac
Primary lens fiber
Primordia of orbital muscles
Globular process emerges from each
medial nasal process
Anterior choroid artery
Appendix
Cartilage in occipital sclerotomes
(1-4)
Hypoglossal foramen through
sclerotome 4
- (6 weeks):
Tooth buds (Deciduous)
Inferior vena cava
Internal and external jugular veins
Portal vein
Intestines fill base of umbilical
cord
Handplates develop subtle flattening
Milk lines
Blood formation & lymphocytes in
liver
Crown-heel length 1.6 cm
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- (7 weeks, 1 day): Carnegie Stage 20
Cerebral hemispheres expand beyond
lamina terminalis
Cerebral peduncles
Cuneate and gracile decussating
fibers
Interpeduncular groove
Medial septal nucleus
Nigrostriatal fibers
Nucleus of diagonal band
Septum verum
Optic commissure
Facial processes no longer
distinguishable
- (7 weeks, 1 day - 8 weeks):
Folds in stomach wall
- (7 weeks, 2 days):
Coronary arteries and veins complete
- (7 weeks, 3 days): Carnegie Stage 21
Anterior and inferior horns of
lateral ventricle
C-shaped lateral ventricle
Cerebral hemispheres cover more than
half of diencephalon
Cortical plate within primordial
plexiform layer
Glial and neurilemmal (Schwann) cells
within cranial nerves
Global pallidus internus
Hippocampus
Internal fiber layer of cerebellum
Lateral olfactory tract
Pineal recess
Primordium of dentate nucleus
Pyrimadal cells in hippocampus
Subthalamic nucleus proper,
entopeduncular nucleus, and globus
pallidus externus within subthalamus
Sulcus transversus rhombencephali
Ventral part of lateral geniculate
body
Cartilaginous nasal septum
Anterior and middle cerebral arteries
Anterior and posterior choroid
arteries
Chondrocranium with dorsum sellae and
hypophysial fossa
Dens (of second cervical vertebrae)
- (7½ weeks):
EKG pattern similar to adult
Plantar pads toes
Volar pads on fingertips
- (7 weeks, 5 days): Carnegie Stage 22
Cerebral hemispheres cover 75% of
diencephalon
Claustrum
Commissural plate thickens
Cortical plate expanding rapidly
Folds in roof of third ventricle
Internal capsule with connections to
epithalamus, dorsal thalamus, and
mesencephalon
Nerve fibers between neopallial
subplate and internal capsule
Putamen
Spinothalamic tract
Thalamocortical fibers
Intradural veins (sinuses)
Endolymphatic, jugular, and
hypoglossal foramina
Optic foramen, foramen rotundum,
internal acoustic foramen
- (8 weeks): Carnegie Stage 23, Embryonic Period Ends
Brain highly complex
Brain represents 43% of embryo
Caudate nucleus and putamen within
corpus striatum
Cerebellar commissures
Cerebellum with external germinal
layer
Choroid plexus now lobular
Cortical plate covers nearly all of
neopallial surface
Cranial nerve distribution resembles
adult pattern
Dura lines entire vertebral canal
Fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus
gracilis form the decussation of the
medial lemnisci
Handedness
Hippocampus reaches temporal pole
Inferior and superior cerebellar
peduncles
Insula
Most cisterns present
Pons
Principal nucleus of inferior olivary
nuclei
Pyramidal decussations
Subarachnoid space
Suprapineal recess
Optic tract reaches ventral portion
of lateral geniculate body
Retina with 4 of the10 layers found
in adult
Blood supply to the brain closely
resembles adult pattern
Superior sagittal sinus
Superior vena cava
Pseudoglandular stage begins
Longitudinal muscles in esophagus
Foramen magnum (wide)
Leydig cells (testes) produce
testosterone
Crown-heel length 4.3 cm
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- (12 weeks):
Corpus callosum
Crura cerebri
Myelination in spinal cord
All facial muscles in final positions
Bile production begins in liver
Bowel movements
Sebaceous glands
Crown-heel length 12 cm
Head circumference 10 cm
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- (18 weeks):
Apocrine sweat glands
Eccrine sweat glands
- (19 weeks):
Sulci on surface of cerebral
hemispheres
Melanin production
- (20 weeks):
Surfactant production (low levels)
Peyer's patches
Crown-heel length 28 cm
Head circumference 20 cm
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- (25 weeks):
Intestinal lining contains all adult
cell types
- (26 weeks):
Terminal sac stage begins
- (28 weeks):
Crown-heel length 39.5 cm
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- (36 weeks):
Surfactant production accelerates
Brain weight 300 grams
Crown-heel length 48.5 cm
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